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Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have Failed (The Institution for Social and Policy Studies) Paperback – 9 Mar. 1999
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“A magisterial critique of top-down social planning.”―Jennifer Schuessler, New York Times
“One of the most profound and illuminating studies of this century to have been published in recent decades.”―John Gray, New York Times Book Review
Compulsory ujamaa villages in Tanzania, collectivization in Russia, Le Corbusier’s urban planning theory realized in Brasilia, the Great Leap Forward in China, agricultural "modernization" in the Tropics―the twentieth century has been racked by grand utopian schemes that have inadvertently brought death and disruption to millions. Why do well-intentioned plans for improving the human condition go tragically awry?
In this wide-ranging and original book, James C. Scott analyzes failed cases of large-scale authoritarian plans in a variety of fields. Centrally managed social plans misfire, Scott argues, when they impose schematic visions that do violence to complex interdependencies that are not―and cannot―be fully understood. Further, the success of designs for social organization depends upon the recognition that local, practical knowledge is as important as formal, epistemic knowledge. The author builds a persuasive case against “development theory” and imperialistic state planning that disregards the values, desires, and objections of its subjects. He identifies and discusses four conditions common to all planning disasters: administrative ordering of nature and society by the state; a “high-modernist ideology” that places confidence in the ability of science to improve every aspect of human life; a willingness to use authoritarian state power to effect large- scale interventions; and a prostrate civil society that cannot effectively resist such plans.
- ISBN-100300078153
- ISBN-13978-0300078152
- EditionRevised ed.
- PublisherYale University Press
- Publication date9 Mar. 1999
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions23.42 x 15.65 x 3.1 cm
- Print length460 pages
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Review
"One of the most profound and illuminating studies of this century to have been published in recent decades. . . . A fascinating interpretation of the growth of the modern state. . . . Scott presents a formidable argument against using the power of the state in an attempt to reshape the whole of society."--John Gray, New York Times Book Review
"Illuminating and beautifully written, this book calls into sharp relief the nature of the world we now inhabit."--New Yorker
"James C. Scott has written a powerful, and in many insightful, explanation as to why grandiose programs of social reform, not to mention revolution, so often end in tragedy--the Soviet disaster being the textbook case. . . . He has produced an important critique of visionary state planning."--Robert Heilbroner, Lingua Franca
[An] important book. . . . The author's choice of cases is fascinating and goes well beyond the familiar ones like Soviet collectivization.--Francis Fukuyama, Foreign Affairs
"In a treatment that can only be termed brilliant, [Scott] has produced a major contribution to developmental literature. . . . This is a book of seminal importance for comparative politics and, indeed, for the social sciences. Highly recommended."--Choice
Mr. Scott tells the story in witty, sparkling prose of these (Lenin, Mao, Pol Pot, among others) relentless social engineers and how they tried to impose for all eternity a perfect social order or an urban blueprint, regardless of human cost and unremitting human refractoriness.--Washington Times
An important and powerful work that deserves to be read by anyone interested in large-scale public planning. . . . Among the book's virtues are its lucid style, deep learning, and wide range of fascinating cases.--Gideon Rose, Washington Monthly
"Where Seeing Like a State is original, and often startling so, is in its meticulous accumulation of empirical evidence that describes the failure of grandiose state projects to improve the human condition."--Brian C. Anderson, Public Interest
"Seeing Like a State is a worldly, academic synthesis of the destructive hubris of large-scale rational planning. . . . What Scott does that is brilliant is talk about how states and large institutions acquire the knowledge that they ultimately use to govern."--Michael Schrage, Across the Board
"Its global focus, its attention to issues of environment and economic development too often ignored by non profits scholars, and its impressive grasp of how organizations work, recommend it to anyone seriously interested in the future of public life."--Peter Dobkin Hall, ARNOVA News
"Scott's book is a paean to human liberty, a very complicated paean. . . . This book [owes] much of its value to the details of the particular case studies, and to Scott's enthusiasm and ingenuity in seeing links among apparently different human projects. He has written a remarkably interesting book on social engineering."--Cass R. Sunstein, New Republic
"In Seeing Like a State James Scott has given us powerful new paradigms of state action and popular resistance. His work is sure to inspire new thinking and research in history and social sciences."--Fred Murphy, Reader's Catalog
"Brilliant . . . [Scott] has produced a major contribution to developmental literature . . . this is a book of seminal importance for comparative politics and indeed, for the social sciences."--Choice
"Scott's book . . . is an important and powerful work that deserves to be read by anyone interested in large-scale public planning. . . . Among the book's virtues are its lucid style, deep learning, and wide range of fascinating cases."--Gideon Rose, Washington Monthly
"Seeing Like a State is a worldly, academic synthesis of the destructive hubris of large-scale rational planning. . . . Scott . . . takes a few powerful but basic themes and builds a persuasive case against what he calls 'High Modernism.' High Modernism, in essence, is the ideology of grand rational planners whose initiatives are based on the perfectibility of man. What Scott does that is brilliant is talk about how states and large institutions acquire the knowledge that they ultimately use to govern."--Michael Schrage, Across the Board
"Seeing Like a State has a great deal of merit. In exploring the sensorium of a Leviathan, Scott is standing on the shoulders of Foucault, but he has opened up an important issue to popular debate."--Gary Sturgess, Policy
"Seeing Like a State remains a tremendous achievement, easily one of the most impressive and important books of recent years."--Jesse Walker, Reason
"This is a book rich in ideas and arguments."--Ronald Grigor Suny, Slavic Review
This is a magisterial book. . . . Scott's conceptual contributions will have a profound impact on our own making sense of the world.--David D. Laitin, Journal of Interdisciplinary History
"A lucid and richly illustrated study. . . . While the book itself is a tour de force, Scott's final destination in the conclusion is a personal and passionate argument for liberal democracy . . . as the only practical means of harmonizing local experience with the responsibilities of statecraft. Scholars and policy planners concerned with Africa have much to learn from Scott's methodology and his message."--James C. McCann, International Journal of African Historical Studies
"James Scott's tantalizing treatise invites us to ponder carefully the tragedies of modern state interventions as we struggle to recognize the resources people have to qualify those efforts and pursue possibilities for improving the future."--R. Bin Wong, Political Science Quarterly
"Scott's scholarship is formidable, his insights many, his rich detail usually stilling criticism. . . . This is a book of powerful case studies."--Michael Mann, American Journal of Sociology
This is an enjoyable read. . . . Scott has made a valuable contribution to comparative development literature by distilling bout some of the essential features of development plans to show how they cause failure. . . . Hopefully his insights will lead to changes in development planning to avoid the pitfalls he identifies.--Sharon R. Murphy, Review of Politics
"An engrossing book that formulates some big ideas with a sweeping and inventive register of examples, Seeing Like a State promises to join an ever-growing list of works by James Scott destined to achieve that most desirable of academic fates--longevity."--Akil Gupta, Journal of Asian Studies
"This is a book to which the highest words of praise, those most thriftily dispensed, are justly applied. It amounts to a brilliant, dense, fascinating and--rarest of all in academic publishing--prophetic case against the hubris of what it calls high-modernist planning and for the respect of both local knowledge and conditions of complex diversity. It deserves a wide reading across disciplines and beyond the university."--Roger Epp, Canadian Journal of Political Science
Winner of the 2000 Mattei Dogan Award
2015 Wildavsky Award for Enduring Contribution to Policy Studies, from the Public Policy Section of the American Political Science Association
"The 'perfection' Scott so rightly and with such tremendous skill and erudition debunks in his book he himself has nearly reached, as far as positing and presenting the problem is concerned. The case of what the order-crazy mind is capable of doing and why we need to stop it from doing it has been established 'beyond any reasonable doubt' and with a force that cannot be strengthened."--Zygmunt Bauman, emeritus professor, University of Leeds
"A tour de force. . . . Reading the book delighted and inspired me. It's not the first time Jim Scott has had that effect."--Charles Tilly, Columbia University
"Stunning insights, an original position, and a conceptual approach of global application. Scott's book will at once take its place among the decade's truly seminal contributions to comparative politics."--M. Crawford Young, University of Wisconsin, Madison
"James Scott is one of the most original and interesting social scientists whom I know. So it is no surprise that Seeing Like a State is a broad ranging, theoretically important, and empirically grounded treatment of the modern state. For anyone interested in learning about this fundamental tension of modernity and about the destruction wrought in the twentieth century as a consequence of the dominant development ideology of the simplifying state, high modernism, Seeing Like a State is a must read."--Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Professor of Government and Social Studies at Harvard University and author of Hitler's Willing Executioners
"A broad-ranging, theoretically important, and empirically grounded treatment of the modern state and its propensity to simplify and make legible a society which by nature is complex and opaque. For anyone interested in learning about this fundamental tension of modernity and about the destruction wrought in the twentieth century as a consequence of the dominant development ideology of the simplifying state, this is a must-read."--Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, author of Hitler's Willing Executioners
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Product details
- Publisher : Yale University Press; Revised ed. edition (9 Mar. 1999)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 460 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0300078153
- ISBN-13 : 978-0300078152
- Dimensions : 23.42 x 15.65 x 3.1 cm
- Best Sellers Rank: 380,228 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- 173 in Government & State Constitutions
- 182 in International Economic Development
- 437 in Academic Sociology
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A good book to start to understand why we are where we are now with how the states and governments run things With sometimes disasterous results.
Recommended book for my history degree by a great Ruskin college oxford teacher.
Useful for my first year dissertation to understand why things are like they are. And to understand why govt do what they do.
Recommended.
The book's main idea itself is fairly simple - top-down approaches that are forced on people without any consultation/feedback tend to fail. Dialogue between idea and reality, and between planner and worker, makes big ideas smaller, more pliable, but also more effective. That's fairly sensible (the final chapter on the Greek idea of 'metis' - cunning - that cashes in on all this is a interesting but a bit underpowered).
The case studies are really good though. Scott opens by explaining the desire to make the world knowable to remote planners and designers by taking us through attempts to generate national maps (converting local measures into a standard one) and the German 'cameral government' system of quantifying an average wood yield form a forest. This is the constant theme of the book and he often returns to it.
Then, in individual chapters, we whizz through the failure of Le Corbusier (and Oscar Niemeyer) to make buildings or towns that real people want to live in (Scott sides with Jane Jacobs, who stood up for neighbourhoods against the planners). We read about various schemes for land reform in Russia - mainly Stolypin's ill-fated 1905-06 scheme to apply liberal property rights to communal village land. The peasants didn't want this and it failed - another fairly insistent theme. (this chapter works well with Orlando Figes' coverage of peasant life in A People's Tragedy).
In another chapter we learn that Lenin was too doctrinaire about revolutions. Scott prefers Rosa Luxemburg's view that each strike changes the context and a series of strikes testifies to learning, growing and developing consciousness and force. Strikes are almost an organic thing and cannot be run by rule-book without losing the process of learning and adaptation. Yet other chapters explore the fate of collectivisation in Soviet Russia (1929-33) and the failures in villagization in 1970s Tanzania and Ethiopia. I found these last two chapters the most interesting (I knew less about them beforehand).
I love this 'wide-angle' approach. I knew a bit about Le Corbusier and Lenin and found those chapters to be a bit quick and reductive in themselves (good to read, but there is a touch of hypocrisy in the way complex facts are squeezed to fit the existing argument). But I like the quick and reductive style in chapters I knew little about - I felt I was brought up to speed very effectively. There's lots I enjoyed learning in this book. I can see why it has such a reputation.
My main issue with the book is that its wisdom is fairly generic conservatism. It is all very familiar: Ruskin's 'On the Nature of Gothic' covers it. Ruskin hated 'modern' (Renaissance) architecture because the planning aspect separated out from the building aspect and dialogue was removed. That separation ruined all post-medieval architecture. 'Gothic' age builders both planned and adjusted as they built and that was good honest work. Ruskin loved medieval buildings in Venice because he could see signs of that the builder was thinking and adjusting the plan as he went along. By contrast, he hated the neat rectangular form of buildings that we designed on paper and simply put up by someone else. Scott makes the very same points: life needs to be a bit messy to roll on. Deal with it!
Scott's conservatism is also the 'Juarassic Park' kind - if we mess about with complex structures the bits we failed to take into account will rebound upon us. It is an argument common in bioethics (and elsewhere) - just because we think we 'can' do something doesn't mean we 'should' do it. Our knowledge is strong enough to wreak havoc, but not strong enough to make the wise improvements we plan for (&c). If the ideas bit is adjusted in light of reality we won't get Frankenstein foods and other ideas-heavy disasters.
But this is all a bit too conservative for my tastes. I'm old (and so) fairly conservative myself, but brains, plans, and dreams do have a role to play and cannot simply be edged out by learning-by-doing. The implication of the book is that any radical reforms are bound to be clumsy, brutal failures, but this is to ignore the evidence of the world around us, which has much good as well as bad. The old muddling-along-as-we-always-have approach was also a world that was sexist, racist, xenophobic and so on. Any genuine description of the reality of peasant life in the early twentieth century would make any kind of reform seem promising.






