Download the free Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet or computer – no Kindle device required.
Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web.
Using your mobile phone camera - scan the code below and download the Kindle app.
Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944-56 Hardcover – 4 Oct. 2012
From Anne Applebaum, the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Gulag, comes a major new work of historical and moral reckoning: the story of life behind the Iron Curtain.
Once the Nazis were defeated in 1945, the people of Central and Eastern Europe expected to recover the lives they had led before 1939. Instead, they found themselves subjected to a tyranny that was in many ways as inhuman as the one which they had just escaped. This book explains how Communism was imposed on these previously free societies in the decade after the end of the Second World War. Applebaum describes, in calm but devastating detail, how political parties, the church, the media, young people's organisations - the institutions of civil society on every level - were all quickly eviscerated. Ranging widely across new archival material and many sources unknown in English, she follows the communists' tactics as they bullied, threatened and murdered their way to power. She also chronicles individual lives to show the rapid choices people had to make - to fight, to flee, or to collaborate.
Within a remarkably short period after the end of the war, Eastern Europe had been ruthlessly Stalinised. Iron Curtain is a brilliant history of a brutal period in European history, but also a reminder of how fragile free societies are, and how vulnerable they can be to the predations of determined and unscrupulous enemies.
- Print length656 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherAllen Lane
- Publication date4 Oct. 2012
- Dimensions16.2 x 4.4 x 24 cm
- ISBN-100713998687
- ISBN-13978-0713998689
Customers who viewed this item also viewed

Gulag: A History of the Soviet CampsPaperback£13.25 deliveryOnly 12 left in stock (more on the way).
Product description
Review
Anne Applebaum's Iron Curtain [is] certainly the best work of modern history I have ever read. (A.N. Wilson Financial Times)
Applebaum's description of this remarkable time is everything a good history book should be: brilliantly and comprehensively researched, beautifully and shockingly told, encyclopedic in scope, meticulous in detail... it is a true masterpiece. (Keith Lowe Sunday Telegraph)
In her relentless quest for understanding, Applebaum shines light into forgotten worlds of human hope, suffering and dignity... Others have told us of the politics of this time. Applebaum does that but also shows what politics meant to people's lives, in an era when the state did more to shape individual destinies than at any time in history. (John Connelly Washington Post)
Iron Curtain is modern history writing at its very best; assiduously researched, it wears its author's considerable erudition lightly. It sets a new benchmark for the study of this vitally important subject. (Roger Moorhouse Independent on Sunday)
Anne Applebaum's masterly book gives for the first time, a systematic explanation of the other, largely untold, side of the story... it is a window into a world of lies and evil that we can hardly imagine. (Edward Lucas Standpoint)
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Allen Lane; First Edition (4 Oct. 2012)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 656 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0713998687
- ISBN-13 : 978-0713998689
- Dimensions : 16.2 x 4.4 x 24 cm
- Best Sellers Rank: 478,843 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- Customer reviews:
About the author

Anne Applebaum is a historian and journalist. She is a staff writer for the Atlantic as well as a Senior Fellow at the Agora Institute, Johns Hopkins University. She is the author of several history books, including GULAG: A HISTORY which won the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction; IRON CURTAIN, on the Sovietization of Eastern Europe after the war, which won the 2013 Cundill Prize for Historical Literature; and RED FAMINE, on the Ukrainian famine of 1932-33, which provides the background to today's Russian-Ukrainian conflict. In 2020 she published the bestselling TWILIGHT OF DEMOCRACY, which analyzed the appeal of autocracy to Western intellectuals and politicians.
Her newest book, AUTOCRACY, INC, published in July 2024, examines the network of dictatorships - Russia, China, Iran, Norht Korea, Venezuela, Zimbabwe and others - who now work together to support one another, preserve their power and undermine the democratic world.
Anne has been writing about Eastern Europe and Russia since 1989, when she covered the collapse of communism in Poland for the Economist magazine. She has also covered US, UK and European politics for a wide range of American and British publications. She is a former Washington Post columnist and a former deputy editor of the Spectator magazine. She is married to Radoslaw Sikorski, a Polish politician and writer, and lives in Poland and the U.S.
Customer reviews
Customer Reviews, including Product Star Ratings, help customers to learn more about the product and decide whether it is the right product for them.
To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyses reviews to verify trustworthiness.
Learn more how customers reviews work on AmazonCustomers say
Customers find the book interesting, comprehensive, and emotionally powerful. They also describe the writing style as really well written and fascinating. Readers also mention the book is a shameful but masterful reminder of the Allied carve-up and Stalinist brutality.
AI-generated from the text of customer reviews
Customers find the book's content interesting, comprehensive, and well-documented. They also say it shows in detail how and why things happened. Readers also mention that the book is engaging and emotionally powerful, but objective at the same time.
"...subject, but the fascination and interest of this work derives from its attention to detail and the painstaking way in which the author describes..." Read more
"...have gone into this book, but the author manages to present her ideas clearly and simply...." Read more
"...She mines mountains of research and then creates superbly reasoned articles, reviews, or, as here, books...." Read more
"And excellent overview of how the Soviet Union and it’s local lackeys subjugated central and eastern Europe in the 10 years after 1944/45...." Read more
Customers find the writing style really well written, clear, and accessible. They say the book allows readers to have a real feel for the period and refreshes their memory of that period. They also say it's well structured and well worth reading.
"...This excellent book is very well written in a clear, lucid, style and I do not think I had to re-read a single sentence...." Read more
"...This book is well worth reading. It extends our knowledge of what happened in Eastern Europe after the War, and never fails to interest the reader." Read more
"Extremely good, very readable and carefully written history of Eastern Europe after WWII. Anne Applebaum knows her stuff." Read more
"...A good, powerfully written book, with warnings for us all." Read more
Customers find the book fascinating, startling, and insightful. They also say the epilogue contains thought-provoking conclusions.
"...Yet this period of history is as horrifying, fascinating, tangled, and every bit as complex as the events of WWII, and the ideological..." Read more
"...A fascinating read but leaves one realing at the sheer cruelty of the NKVD and the post war era in that part of Europe...." Read more
"...The epilogue contained some insightful, thoughtful and thought provoking conclusions...." Read more
"A valuable, fascinating and well researched and written book on a subject which must be recorded and told...." Read more
Customers find the book worth the purchase and a very good book.
"A valuable, fascinating and well researched and written book on a subject which must be recorded and told...." Read more
"...It arrived within a few days. It is an excellent book and good value at the price charged." Read more
"...The recipient loved it so it was definitely worth the purchase." Read more
"A very good book..." Read more
-
Top reviews
Top reviews from United Kingdom
There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Please try again later.
The book is not a chronological narrative of the Communist overthrow and suppression of the Eastern Block after 1945 but rather it deals, in separate chapters, with different aspects of the Communist subversion of the democratic institutions and the supervision of all aspects of everyday life. The book confines itself to the period largely under the control of Stalin and does not deal with events running up to the collapse of 1989. Thus, the first half of the book includes chapters, amongst others, devoted to the establishment of the secret police, the role of violence, ethnic cleansing and the capture of the radio. The second half, which is aptly titled, `High Stalinism' deals with the systematic identification and elimination of supposed enemies of the state, the control of the arts and architecture and how the ordinary rank and file accommodated to these changes. Finally the German and Hungarian revolutions of 1953 and 1956 are briefly described. Applebaum chooses to deal principally with East Germany, Poland and Hungary although some references are made to the other European Communist states such as Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia. The informed reader will be familiar with the general sweep of history contained in this book as much has already been published on this subject, but the fascination and interest of this work derives from its attention to detail and the painstaking way in which the author describes the varied aspects of the all-enveloping, suffocating, spread of Communist control into virtually every part of life in Eastern Europe. Applebaum also gives excellent character sketches of the detestable leading figures in these countries. My only quibble with the historical content is that the author describes the expulsion of ethnic Germans, and those supposed to be ethnic Germans, from Poland and Czechoslovakia as better organised, more humane, and less chaotic than the facts would suggest. Applebaum is unduly generous to the 1945 Polish government and the downright nasty interim government of Edvard Benes in Czechoslovakia. A reading of `Orderly and Humane' by R. M. Douglas, Yale, 2012, provides a good corrective to the somewhat orderly picture painted by Applebaum. I was disappointed that the book did not spend more time dealing with the privileged enclaves the leaders of these Communist regimes provided for themselves, particularly in the DDR, but perhaps that is a subject for a different book.
This excellent book is very well written in a clear, lucid, style and I do not think I had to re-read a single sentence. Whilst rather weighty, it is very accessible and should appeal to all interested in this aspect of modern history.
A lot of research must have gone into this book, but the author manages to present her ideas clearly and simply. Partly of necessity, she has to concentrate on only three countries, Hungary, Poland and East Germany. She shows that the conventional picture of the Cold War only breaking out in 1948-9 is misleading. The communists genuinely believed, after the War, that they could win popular elections. But they were soon disabused of these ideas. Instead, they effectively seized power and crushed any opposition.
By relating the personal stories of many of the people that she was able to interview, the author is able to make the story that she is relating much more interesting. A major theme is how private institutions were not allowed to survive for very long under Communism.
This book is well worth reading. It extends our knowledge of what happened in Eastern Europe after the War, and never fails to interest the reader.
History is written by the winners, it is often said. When it comes to the Central Europe of WWII, of the Holocaust and of the takeover by Stalin's acolytes, it would be more true to say that history is written by the survivors. Applebaum points out, for instance, how a Polish secret policeman, Czeslaw Kiszczak, exploited his position, in the dying days of the communist regime, to fillet his record, missing only the items which, with characteristic communist incompetence, had been incorrectly filed. We also hear from those who fled from the communist tyranny (even after having once been part of it) and, thanks largely to Toranska, to communists who never regretted any of their actions.
Anne Applebaum is wonderfully polite, but she demolishes "revisionist" versions of "history" with surgical skill. I'm not going to bother reading any leftie "reviews" of her book, since, unlike me, those "reviewers" won't have bothered reading "Iron Curtain" in the first place. Some years back, a quangocrat called Jeremy Isaacs created an execrable television history of the Cold War, (listed as a continuation of the already atrocious "World at War" series, and broadcast by the BBC). Isaacs pretty much claimed that the Cold War didn't happen and that, if it did, it was the West's fault, anyway. Anne Applebaum rightly ignores Isaacs, but she does tackle his mentality head-on, proving that the communist takeover always preceded any western response.
This comes as no surprise to me, since I am old enough to remember when reception for British radio in central Europe (e.g. in Austria) was jammed from the communist countries and when crossing into a communist country (or even from one communist country to another) took four hours. I remember all five of my childhood visits to the Romanian-Bulgarian border; it was always daylight, when we arrived at the Romanian side, always pitch dark, when we finally entered Bulgaria. It's weird to have been five times through that part of Bulgaria, but to have absolutely no idea what it looks like. People who never experienced things like that claim that they didn't happen. Well, they did. Anne Applebaum's excellent book goes some way to explaining how and why.
Top reviews from other countries
The book concentrates on three countries: Poland, East Germany, and Hungary, “because they were so very different.”
It is worth noting that the author starts with explanation of the term “totalitarian,” which was the idea of “total control” and nowadays it is “applied to so many people and institutions that it can sometimes seem meaningless.” And the difference between Soviet Union and the countries occupied by Soviet Union, which still in present time some people have trouble distinguishing, for example Poland was occupied by Soviet Union; it was not part of Soviet Union.
What happened before WWII? “In 1939, after the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and agreed to divide Poland, Romania, Finland, and the Baltic States into Soviet and German spheres of influence. On September 1, Hitler invaded Poland from the west. On September 17, Stalin invaded Poland from the east.”
What happened after WWII? April 1945, the liberation day across the capitals of those three countries is described as quiet or silent. The next day the Red Army arrived in Poland and a new chapter of history had started. “In Poland, Hungary, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria, the Red Army’s arrival is rarely remembered as a pure liberation. Instead, it is remembered as the brutal beginning of a new occupation.”
The regime of Soviet Union, including its ethnic cleansing turned out to be pretty extensive and violent. It was all done on purpose as they knew that “disoriented and displaced, the refugees were easier to manipulate and control than they might have been otherwise.”
Also it has to be mentioned that the Soviet Union soldiers did good for millions of Jews freeing them from concentration camps. Their arrival “made it possible for Poles in the western part of Poland to speak Polish after years of being forbidden to do so in public.” At the same time, “the Red Army left extraordinary devastation in its wake.” The Soviet soldiers were overwhelmed by what seemed to them as richness. “More horrific, and ultimately of deeper political significance, were violent attacks on civilian. (…) Women of all ages were subject to gang rapes and sometimes murdered afterwards.”
“In Hungary they seemed unsure of how, exactly, a fascist might be identified. As a result, the first arrests were often arbitrary. Men were stopped on the streets, told they would be taken away to do a little work. They would then disappear deep into the Soviet Union and not return for many years.”
In regards to economy, “the Bolshevik Revolution’s first slogan had been ‘Peace, Land, and Bread!’ From the moment they arrived, Red Army troops vigorously tried to enforce the same policy, confiscating land from richer owners and redistributing it to poorer peasants. But in Eastern Europe, this simple formula did not have the impact that Soviet officers expected or that their communist colleagues hoped.”
“Land reform was greeted with even greater suspicion in Poland, where collectivization carried particularly negative connotations. In the eastern part of the country, many people had family and friends across the border in Soviet Ukraine, whose peasants had experienced first land reform, then collectivization, then famine. So strong was their fear of this scenario that many Polish peasants opposed partial land redistribution – even knowing they might personally benefit...”
In Hungary, “many peasants thanked the communists for their new land. But many were made uneasy by the receipt of someone else’s property,” particularly as the clergy were often preaching against it.”
As nationalization progressed, the shortages worsened. Shortages and imbalances lasted for about four decades, 1947-1987.
Already in 1950, during the communism, the private sector proved to be more profitable, popular and efficient than state run business. But Soviet Union’s response was, “more control, not less, was what the communist parties of the region believed would stop the strikes, fix the shortages, and raise living standards to the level of the West.”
During the era of High Stalinism, 1948-1953, religion was being suppressed. “Many children were expelled from school for refusing to publicly renounce religion – estimates vary from 300 to 3,000 – and far more were expelled from universities. (…) The closure of monasteries followed soon after.”
Oppression of teachers, arrests in some cases and raids were designed to punish the entire institution if “ideologically correct atmosphere” was not maintained.
Another debilitating aspect of economy was “socialist competitions” – competing to finish given quota quickly, but this never made the economy more productive as quality was ignored.
“The second part of this book describes techniques: a new wave of arrests; the expansion of labor camps, much tighter control over the media, intellectuals, and the arts.” It included control of artistic production. “Private galleries had disappeared almost entirely, along with the rest of the private sector.” On the other hand, Wanda Talakowska, polish art teacher, designer, curator was inspired by folk art created by peasants and favored by Communists. She saw an opportunity to inspire and create new designs in folk art. She saw an opportunity, where others saw none. Unfortunately, the Poles saw her as a Communist collaborator.
As Warsaw was being rebuilt after the war, the Soviet Union tried to make it as Moscow with wide streets, but this is not how Warsaw was built originally. Warsaw with narrow cobbled streets - this is how people remembered it and this is how they wanted it to be rebuilt. It wasn’t an easy process, but to keep people quiet and to avoid riots, little by little the Soviets allowed the rebuilt of Old Town as it used to be. And personally, I am grateful to those who fought for it, as a lover of art and architecture I am a great admirer of Old Towns and folk arts, which make every culture so much richer.


