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Bullshit Jobs: The Rise of Pointless Work, and What We Can Do About It Paperback – 7 Feb. 2019
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'Spectacular and terrifyingly true' Owen Jones
'Explosive' John McDonnell, New Statesman, Books of the Year
'Thought-provoking and funny' The Times
FT BUSINESS BOOK OF THE YEAR 2018, THE TIMES BOOK OF THE YEAR 2018, NEW STATESMAN BOOK OF THE YEAR 2018 and CITY AM BOOK OF THE YEAR 2018
Be honest: if your job didn't exist, would anybody miss it? Have you ever wondered why not? Up to 40% of us secretly believe our jobs probably aren't necessary. In other words: they are bullshit jobs. This book shows why, and what we can do about it.
In the early twentieth century, people prophesied that technology would see us all working fifteen-hour weeks and driving flying cars. Instead, something curious happened. Not only have the flying cars not materialised, but average working hours have increased rather than decreased. And now, across the developed world, three-quarters of all jobs are in services, finance or admin: jobs that don't seem to contribute anything to society. In Bullshit Jobs, David Graeber explores how this phenomenon - one more associated with the Soviet Union, but which capitalism was supposed to eliminate - has happened. In doing so, he looks at how, rather than producing anything, work has become an end in itself; the way such work maintains the current broken system of finance capital; and, finally, how we can get out of it.
This book is for anyone whose heart has sunk at the sight of a whiteboard, who believes 'workshops' should only be for making things, or who just suspects that there might be a better way to run our world.
- Print length368 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherPenguin
- Publication date7 Feb. 2019
- Dimensions12.8 x 2.8 x 19.6 cm
- ISBN-100141983477
- ISBN-13978-0141983479
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From the Publisher
37% people in the UK believe their jobs don't make a meaningful contribution to the world
'There is something very wrong with what we have made ourselves.
We have become a civilisation based on work—not even “productive work” but work as an end and meaning in itself. We have come to believe that men and women who do not work harder than they wish at jobs they do not particularly enjoy are bad people unworthy of love, care, or assistance from their communities. The main political reaction to our awareness that half the time we are engaged in utterly meaningless or even counterproductive activities is to rankle with resentment over the fact there might be others out there who are not in the same trap. As a result, hatred, resentment, and suspicion have become the glue that holds society together.
This is a disastrous state of affairs. I wish it to end. If this book can in any way contribute to that end, it will have been worth writing.'
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Review
Equally explosive, my anarchist friend, David Graeber, yet again has thrown a hand grenade into the political economy debate with his Bullshit Jobs (Allen Lane), a call to strike out for freedom from meaningless work. -- John McDonnell ― New Statesman, Books of the Year
Here's a gift for a friend working in PR or HR. David Graeber's thesis is that they are working in"bullshit jobs". A bullshit job, he says, is one that its holder knows to be pointless or pernicious even though they must pretend otherwise. There are five sorts: flunkies (commissionaires, receptionists), goons (lobbyists, lawyers), duct tapers (who sort out problems others have created), box tickers, and taskmasters (management). It's a provocative case ... but you get the feeling he is on to something; there do seem to be a lot of pointless jobs in the modern economy -- Robbie Millen ― The Times, Books of the Year
Anthropologist David Graeber embarks on a provocative quest to find and explain the existence of countless mindless and pointless roles. He divides them into "flunkies", "goons", "duct-tapers", "box-tickers", and "taskmasters". It is an entertaining, if subjective study of a problem and an examination of potential answers, including a universal basic income. -- Andrew Hill ― Financial Times, Business Book of the Year
Anthropology professor and colourful anarchist David Graeber has opened a Pandora's box of the modern era by questioning the relevance of the swollen ranks of middle management and bullshit jobs that have cropped up across a variety of industries. A controversial but thought-provoking endeavour ― City AM Book of the Year
An LSE anthropologist with a track record of countering economic myths through a mix of anecdote, erudition, and political radicalism, Graeber is as good an analyst of the increasingly cowpatted field of modern employment as one could wish. And entertaining and thoroughly depressing read... it is extremely thought-provoking -- Tim Smith-Laing ― Telegraph
A provocative, funny and engaging book... that captures the imagination and deserves our attention ― Financial Times
From the Back Cover
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Penguin; 1st edition (7 Feb. 2019)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 368 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0141983477
- ISBN-13 : 978-0141983479
- Dimensions : 12.8 x 2.8 x 19.6 cm
- Best Sellers Rank: 22,648 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- Customer reviews:
About the author

David Rolfe Graeber (/ˈɡreɪbər/; born 12 February 1961) is a London-based anthropologist and anarchist activist, perhaps best known for his 2011 volume Debt: The First 5000 Years. He is Professor of Anthropology at the London School of Economics.
As an assistant professor and associate professor of anthropology at Yale from 1998–2007 he specialised in theories of value and social theory. The university's decision not to rehire him when he would otherwise have become eligible for tenure sparked an academic controversy, and a petition with more than 4,500 signatures. He went on to become, from 2007–13, Reader in Social Anthropology at Goldsmiths, University of London.
His activism includes protests against the 3rd Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in 2001, and the 2002 World Economic Forum in New York City. Graeber was a leading figure in the Occupy Wall Street movement, and is sometimes credited with having coined the slogan, "We are the 99 percent".
Bio from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Photo by David Graeber Edited by czar [CC BY-SA 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.
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Ignore the reviews saying the book is just a rehash of his 2013 essay or that it doesn't really go anywhere. They must not have gotten very far, as the book spends about 2 chapters on classifying BS jobs and the rest on a deep dive into the effects of pointless employment, the political and cultural reasons that it might exist, and the way that "jobs for the sake of jobs" damages us. It then takes us on a whistle-stop tour of the history of managerialism, the roots of "the protestant work ethic" and how it informs some of the ideas that proliferate this type of employment. It ends on what might be done about the situation. It interrogates directly some of the unspoken assumptions about work and human nature itself we've been socialised to accept at face value.
There are also other reviews complaining the book doesn't back everything up with numbers, a sadly common complaint in a world where political and rhetorical literacy is dead. Despite the fact the book does actually use quite a few graphs and figures to inform its argument, its main strength is of course the rigourous qualitative analysis Graeber engages in, as should be expected in a book about human social structures and organizations. How do you come up with a number to show how many people don't actually need to be employed? (Beyond asking them of course, as the book does.)
The book was also just a joy to read. Graeber's work is never dry, he really channels his animated way of speaking and thinking into the text.
Read this book if you've ever felt like something is wrong with your job, or the modern workplace. In fact, read it even if you don't. You'll learn a lot either way.
Counterintuitively, this makes sense from the market perspective: for managers, there are incentives to extract the maximum amount of money from a company in exchange for the minimum amount of effort. Only workers are ever expected to be productive.
Another important insight of the book is that work serves more as a tool of social regimentation rather than a necessary, or useful activity. Even the former president Obama is quoted as suggesting something similar. Indeed, why, with all the mechanization and impending AI job takeover should ordinary citizens spend most of their waking hours taking orders for a meaningless activity from someone else? But I fear that the author's suggestion to escape the conundrum by the introduction of the universal basic income is futile. If the work and the flow of money in the economy is really just tailored to keep the population in order, then probably there won't be enough political will to make the necessary changes.
Graeber’s defines a BS job as ‘a form of paid employment that is so completely pointless, unnecessary, or pernicious that even the employee cannot justify its existence even though, as part of the conditions of employment, the employee feels obliged to pretend that this is not the case’. He also says that ‘Hell is a collection of individuals who are spending the bulk of their time working on a task they don’t like and are not particularly good at’. He provides plenty of examples, cabinetmakers compelled to fry fish is one of them. There is the story of a corporate lawyer who went on to become a happy singer in an indie rock band when he became disillusioned with his job as a corporate lawyer. He had taken ‘the default choice of many directionless folk: law school’ but has found his job as a lawyer to be ‘utterly meaningless, contributed nothing to the world, and, in his own estimation, should not really exist’.
Some such BS jobs are so pointless that no one notices even if the employee vanishes. One case involved a Spanish civil servant who skipped work for six years to study philosophy and became an expert in Spinoza before he was found out. In another case, an employee had been sitting at his desk, dead for four days before his colleagues realised that he had died.
BS jobs can also be defined by the scope of work. People who are employed in jobs that exist primarily to make someone else look or feel important are known as ‘flunkies’. Doormen are examples in this category. There are also ‘goons’ who exist only because people employ them – soldiers, for example; and ‘duct-tapers’ who are employed to help one part of an organisation communicate with another in the same organisation.
In addition to financial consultancy, middle management is where one might find BS jobs aplenty. A sign that you have a job like this is when you are designated to provide ‘strategic leadership’. This is what Graeber has to say in middle management in academia:
‘Now, those of us toiling in the academic mills who still like to think of ourselves as teachers and scholars before all else have come to fear the word “strategic”. “Strategic statement” (or even worse, “strategic vision documents”) instil a particular terror, since these are the primary means by which corporate management techniques – setting up quantifiable methods for assessing performance, forcing teachers and scholars to spend more and more of their time assessing and justifying what they do and less and less time actually doing it – are insinuated into academic life’.
Graeber interviewed employees from various sectors. From one he quoted, ‘in banking, obviously the entire sector adds no value and is therefore BS’. Then there is the Human Resources Department that sets up intranet and instruct employees to make it ‘into a kind of internal “community”, like Facebook. They set it up; nobody uses it. So they then started to try and bully everyone into using it…Then they tried to entice people in by having HR post a load of touchy-feely crap or people writing “internal blogs” that nobody cared about.’
Graeber argues that the rise of such jobs was not due to economic factors but political and moral ones. He discusses how jobs can truly have value, and how exactly can value be measured. What is clear that we must resist ‘The pressure to value ourselves and others on the basis of how hard we work at something we’d rather not be doing…if you’re not destroying your mind and body via paid work you’re not living right’.
The last part of the book is devoted to answering the question, ‘How have so many humans reached the point where they accept that even miserable, unnecessary work is actually superior to no work at all?’ From there Graeber discusses the modern culture of managerial feudalism and the resentment it generates, yet is itself oblivious to it.
If Graeber is right that this is not an economic problem but a political and moral one, then the solution cannot be economic either. Unfortunately, Graeber is loath to make policy recommendations. That keeps us then, in utter suspense – unless workers revolt.
Top reviews from other countries
To open your mind and change the way you see the world this is an excellent book
Qué bueno que no dejé de leer. La segunda parte, en mi opinión, es la explicación con argumentos muy verosímiles sobre cómo llegamos a esta situación en la que es absolutamente fundamental tener trabajo, porque si no lo tienes, eres automáticamente una lacra social, un nini, un bueno para nada. En esta argumentación se revisa la historia de los trabajos y su interrelación con las creencias religiosas. No voy a arruinar el argumento contando todo aquí, porque es muy impresionante.
Como un trabajador asalariado yo mismo en un sector ampliamente discutido en el libro y tachado de “inútil”, no puedo dejar de pensar en que mi tiempo podría dedicarse a algo que me llenara más. Sin duda lo anecdótico de la primera parte era más valioso de lo que pensé al inicio. También yo me siento como las personas que participaron en esa encuesta.
En ese sentido, qué buen trabajo hizo este libro.
If you've ever wondered if you might be happier taking taking a job -- "Office Space" style -- doing something else where at least you feel productive, even half or less of your income, this is definitely for you.
It's a book about why we continue to create jobs that produce nothing except stress and heart attacks for the people who hold them, while providing nothing for society, and ironically making their supposedly profit-seeking employers less efficient and less profitable.
After a lifetime in the tech business I can wholeheartedly say that easily half the work I've done fit's mostly into two of the categories he's identified: "box ticking" and "duct taping". The former being work done purely to satisfy some process that has no real benefit (like the exquisitely exactingly formatted but unread status reports), and the later being patching things together that were never really meant to work in the way we're using them because nobody really plans ahead or defines what is needed. (All while listening to management who always extol the virtue of not doing unnecessary work, or the need for long-term planning.) I've managed to avoid being a "taskmaster" whose job is to administer beatings until morale improves (mostly because I've quit every job where this was asked for), a "goon" (whose job is to coerce or otherwise convince somebody to do something they know is opposed to their actual interest) or a flunkie, who also exists mostly to demonstrate status (like the army of receptionists doing nothing because the phone never actually rings anymore, but you can't have an unstaffed front desk because that's unbecoming an important business, so they're sitting there surfing the internet).
"Office Space" pointed out the absurdity of work in the modern era. This book delves into the "why is it like that in a world where businesses are supposedly efficient?" The answer, of course is that businesses are hardly efficient, and for the most part aren't even that effective. The author doesn't have great prescriptions for the problem, but work life seems a bit less bleak just for recognizing the problem and where it comes from.







