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Zero Degrees of Empathy: A new theory of human cruelty [Hardcover]

Simon Baron-Cohen
3.6 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (27 customer reviews)

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Book Description

7 April 2011

Simon Baron-Cohen, expert in autism and developmental psychopathology, has always wanted to isolate and understand the factors that cause people to treat others as if they were mere objects. In this book he proposes a radical shift, turning the focus away from evil and on to the central factor, empathy. Unlike the concept of evil, he argues, empathy has real explanatory power.

Putting empathy under the microscope he explores four new ideas: firstly, that we all lie somewhere on an empathy spectrum, from high to low, from six degrees to zero degrees. Secondly that, deep within the brain lies the 'empathy circuit'. How this circuit functions determines where we lie on the empathy spectrum. Thirdly, that empathy is not only something we learn but that there are also genes associated with empathy. And fourthly, while a lack of empathy leads to mostly negative results, is it always negative?

Full of original research, Zero Degrees of Empathy presents a new way of understanding what it is that leads individuals down negative paths, and challenges all of us to consider replacing the idea of evil with the idea of empathy-erosion.



Product details

  • Hardcover: 208 pages
  • Publisher: Allen Lane (7 April 2011)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 0713997915
  • ISBN-13: 978-0713997910
  • Product Dimensions: 14.4 x 2.3 x 22.2 cm
  • Average Customer Review: 3.6 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (27 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Bestsellers Rank: 180,784 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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Review

Bringing cruelty triumphantly into the realm of science, this pioneering journey into human nature at last delivers us from 'evil'. (Dr. Helena Cronin, Co-Director, Centre For Philosophy Of Natural And Social Science, Lse )

A compelling and provocative account of empathy as our most precious social resource. Lack of empathy lurks in the darkest corners of human history and Simon Baron Cohen does not shrink from looking at them under the fierce light of science. (Uta Frith, Emeritus Professor Of Cognitive Development, Ucl )

Simon Baron-Cohen combines his creative talent with evidence and reason to make the case that evil is essentially a failure of empathy. It is an understanding that can enlighten an old debate and hold out the promise of new remedies. (Matt Ridley, Author Of The Illusionist )

A book that gets to the heart of man's inhumanity to man... Baron-Cohen has made a major contribution to our understanding of autism (Dorothy Rowe Guardian )

Fascinating... bold (Ian Critchley Sunday Times )

Ground-breaking and important...This humane and immensely sympathetic book calls us to the task of reinterpreting aberrant human behaviour so that we might find ways of changing it for the better...The effect...is not to diminish the concept of human evil, but to demystify it (Richard Holloway Literary Review )

Fascinating and disturbing (Alasdair Palmer Sunday Telegraph )

Isn't it lucky...that the very people who can't put themselves into other people's shoes, have a champion [in Simon Baron-Cohen] who, by dint of his curiosity, has turned it into an art form? (Lee Randall Scotsman )

Attractively humane...fascinating information about the relation between degrees of empathy and the state of our brains. (Terry Eagleton Financial Times )

Easy to read and packed with anecdotes. The author conveys brain research with verve. (Kathleen Taylor Science Focus )

Zero Degrees of Empathy is short, clear, and highly readable. Baron-Cohen guides you through his complex material as of you were a student attending a course of lectures. There's no excuse for not understanding anything he says... he is an outstandingly effective communicator of serious science. His passionate optimism, his belief that scientific study can deepen our humanity, lies at the heart of his theorising (Charlotte Moore The Spectator )

In a book that is partly a popular science treatise and partly a self-help manual... he interweaves life stories and clinical evidence in an engaging and informative manner... He is grappling with one of the most important questions for our times (Joanna Bourke Times Higher Education )

In his 2007 book Musicophilia, psychiatrist Oliver Sacks warned that although neuroscience offers exciting insights, 'there is always a certain danger that the simple art of observation may be lost, that clinical description may become perfunctory, and the richness of the human context ignored'. Simon Baron-Cohen, director of the Autism Research Centre in Cambridge, UK, rises to the challenge in his latest book by combining basic science and clinical observation in an attempt to explain human cruelty... We should take Baron-Cohen's accessible book as an invitation to leave the comforts of smaller, more tractable problems in a genuine attempt to address larger social issues (Stephanie Preston Nature )

About the Author

Simon Baron-Cohen is Professor at Cambridge University in the fields of psychology and psychiatry. He is also the Director of Cambridge's internationally-renowned Autism Research Centre. He has carried out research into social neuroscience over a career spanning twenty years. The Essential Difference (Penguin 2003) has been translated in over a dozen languages and put forward the theory of 'the extreme male brain'.

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Customer Reviews

Most Helpful Customer Reviews
14 of 15 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Lurid neuroscience for beginners... 21 Sep 2011
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Verified Purchase
A challenging and original book, it is sometimes difficult to avoid criticising the logic, but there is no doubting the potency of the question. Understanding how people can be capable of suspending their feelings for others in order to commit acts of horror on them is the coalescing idea, and Baron-Cohen does much to identify the workaday nature of psychopathy that occasionally flares up into full scale violence. He counterposes this with the notion that the 'internal pot of gold' deposited by stable and responsible parenting as the best defence against the dark side of human nature. If I have a dissatisfaction with the argument, it is the tendency to look for pathology ahead of temporality. It seems clear from his examples that people in certain circumstances suspend their empathy in order to carry out an atrocity to which their conscience otherwise would object (see Their Darkest Hour: People Tested to the Extreme in WWII for some more horrific examplars). That, and in some of the situations he cites(the unspeakableness of the child soldier attack, for instance), it might well be the fullest volume of empathy that fires the imagination to such ghastliness, rather than the detachment of fellow feeling that Baron-Cohen appears to blame. They knew what would hurt, and hurt the worst.

Regardless, an excellent book on neuropsychology for the non-scientist, and a handy guide at the back for identifying those workplace psychopaths that haunt one's daily life.
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52 of 58 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars chockful of interest - highly recommended 19 April 2011
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Verified Purchase
This short book - less than 130 pages of text (not counting footnotes) - proposes that evil is really the absence of empathy (well, not quite, there is also a "positive" version of the absence of empathy), and argues the case through philosophy (empathy it's possible to study empirically, evil it's not), brain science (there's a complex network of 10 areas involved in empathy and its absence), psychiatry and developmental pscyhology (some "negative" forms of zero empathy, eg borderline personality, relate to shortcomings in nurture) and the perspective of evolution (we have a bell-curve distribution of emphathy and of the capacity to systematise, so maybe being in the middle of the curves is best for survival?)

Baron-Cohen draws extensively on the work of others as well as his own research into the autistic spectrum and empathy, but brings it all together into a new paradigm. I imagine most readers of the book will be thoroughly engrossed by this enterprise whether or not they find it persuasive.

While it's good that the book is short and covers so many fiels of enquiry, it inevitably leaves many quesitons unasked and unanswered. Looking at these from a few perspectives: (a) philosophical - Baron-Cohen gives a really interesting perspective on the thesis that morality has to do with rationality (the systematising trait) and that it has to do with the emotions (the empathising trait): are we dealing with one thing here or two? And is the absence of morality ("evil, or zero empathy") the absence of one thing or two?; (b) psychiatry/developmental psychology - it's interesting that brain science shows that empathy circuits are not working right in borderline personality, psychopathy and narcissism. What about eg schizophrenia?
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2 of 2 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Human Nature revisited 12 Aug 2012
Format:Paperback|Amazon Verified Purchase
Written in a very clear and informative style, this book does not give you all the answers but it gives you plenty to think about. If you are a lecturer/student of Psychology or Social Sciences and wish to explore the nature of human behaviour relating to the concept of 'Morals' then I would highly recommend this book. I read it on a recent train journey to Exeter from Cambridge and it gave me plenty to think about.

Trevor Dunn BA MSc MEd(Cantab)CPsychol FRSA
Chartered Psychologist
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35 of 42 people found the following review helpful
By Sphex TOP 1000 REVIEWER
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Verified Purchase
Whatever Jesus may or may not have said about the importance of loving one another, Christians have nevertheless often resorted to violence down the ages. Martin Luther, for example, although a follower of a man who was born a Jew, lived as a Jew, and died a Jew, wrote a pamphlet entitled "Against the Jews" in which he called on his fellow Christians to burn synagogues and destroy Jewish homes. Four hundred years later, the young Adolf Hitler quoted Luther "to give his own Nazi racist views some respectability". The two Nazi scientists, pictured performing a cold water immersion experiment on an inmate of Dachau Concentration Camp, share at least one character trait with Luther: an absence of empathy. All three were educated and intelligent individuals who were nonetheless capable of disregarding the thoughts and feelings of other human beings, of treating them as objects, with tragic consequences. How could they do this?

This one image, the first illustration in this engaging and important book, stands for the millions of instances of human cruelty that occurred in that war alone, to say nothing of what can be found in any newspaper on any day of the week. Simon Baron-Cohen's main goal is to understand human cruelty and to replace the unscientific term "evil" with the scientific term "empathy". He wants to move "the debate out of the realm of religion and into the realm of science", not because he is anti-religion (indeed, he regards Archbishop Desmond Tutu as a candidate for someone with super-empathy) but because "religion has been singularly anti-enquiry on the topic of the causes of evil".
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Most Recent Customer Reviews
3.0 out of 5 stars a very good read
was chosen as a book club item and just started reading and find it informative and a very good read
Published 19 days ago by AHess
5.0 out of 5 stars Clear and concise account of a subject that relates closely to my work...
A book that gives clear evidence of the physiological aspects that influence empathy and the role care givers and society in general has in affecting how empathy could be developed... Read more
Published 2 months ago by Jill Ricketts
3.0 out of 5 stars Genetics might not be the explanation for everything
This book is a short and dispassionate explanation of lack of empathy, based on genetics. "Cruelty" is described as "negative" lack of empaty, while disorders such... Read more
Published 2 months ago by D. Giusti
5.0 out of 5 stars zero degrees of empathy...a new theory of human cruelty
dear reading mind

I found this xtraordinary book by the author mr simon baron-cohen
while doing research on
po'ms on hate for the digibook ... Read more
Published 3 months ago by hewesufa of >printingeria windropss<
2.0 out of 5 stars Zero degrees of empathy
Hard going particularly to a newcomer to the subject but worth persevering with. Worth reading for trainee counsellors and psychotherapists
Published 4 months ago by SuperTinrob
2.0 out of 5 stars Unconvincing and thinly evidenced
I very much wanted to like this book, particularly as it addresses such a central question of human existence - how, can we as a species, inflict such unspeakable cruelty apon each... Read more
Published 5 months ago by SD
5.0 out of 5 stars A thought provoking eye-opener
This is a fascinating book. Recommended to me by a friend who is a child psychologist I wondered whether it might be a bit too specialist for me but it is written really clearly... Read more
Published 6 months ago by C. Harrison
5.0 out of 5 stars Interesting and easy to read
This book is easy to understand about a complex subject and is revealing about personality and behaviour. It is a fascinating read.
Published 9 months ago by Peter
5.0 out of 5 stars It Takes a Very Long Time to Get The Message!
I was in America, at a a dinner party and someone expressed "sympathy" for someone else's plight. That began a very long discussion about "empathy"- and the bringing out of various... Read more
Published 10 months ago by Euphemia
5.0 out of 5 stars Empathy deficit rather than evil - a valuable concept, despite some...
In my probably crude and clumsy summary: he seeks to demonstrate that low or non-existent empathy provides pathways that can (it doesn't always) lead people to carry out acts we... Read more
Published 11 months ago by cerrig
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