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It is in six parts: conquests 43-1100, disputed lands 1110-1603, civil wars 1637-1800, overseas wars 1660-1870, total war 1914-1919, and the people's wars 1919-2000. He constantly notes the forces' pay and conditions, and tells us how the fighting and killing must have felt.
Part I depicts the conquests by Romans, Vikings and Danes. Part II tells of the wars against Ireland, Wales and Scotland that determined Britain's shape. The hundred years' war against France (1337-1453) started with the early victory of Crecy, then slowly collapsed into military debacles abroad and spiralling debt and taxes at home. At this time, chivalric tales glamorised war, setting up the lasting themes of crusade and sacrifice, 'Church and King', 'king and country', and 'natural leaders' (public school prefect types) 'rallying the ranks'.
In Part III, James includes under 'civil wars' the American War of Independence and Ireland's 1798 rebellion, which were really national liberation wars against colonial oppression.
In Part IV, he tells us about the vast wars for empire: the second hundred years' war against France (1688-1815), the wars to seize and control India (1757-1858) and its North West frontier (1897-1924), the 64 years war to control China (1840-1904) and the South African (1879-1902) and North African wars (1882-1898). These cast some doubt on the slogan 'Pax Britannica'.
Part V looks at World War One, where James damns Earl Haig's reliance on attrition and 'fighting spirit'. Part VI examines World War Two and the many bloody retreats from Empire.
To finish he asks, 'What next?', answering 'further wars of intervention' and 'the wonders of the electronic battlefield'.
This brilliantly written and deeply researched account proves, possibly against the author's intentions, that capitalism means empire and empire means war. The ruling class alone gains from capitalism, empire and war. Our working class is not a warrior race, a nation of Ghurkhas; we are for industry and peace.
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