Vital Signs supplies a critique which is both generous and absolutely devastating to contemporary discourse on sexuality and gender. Shepherdson carefully engages the cultural construction/biological determinism debate, arguing that psychoanalysis engages a paradigm which is radically different from either side of that division.
As the author makes clear, this does not mean that psychoanalysis becomes some kind of theoretical mashing-together of nature and culture. Rather, in rejecting both the biological and historical account of human nature, it demonstrates how human subjectivity is exiled within a system of signification and yet irreducible to that system; the symbolic is founded on the premise of its own failure. In his chapter, "The Role of Gender, the Imperative of Sex," the author engages this concept vis-a-vis a careful explanation of Lacan's concepts of the Symbolic and the Real and their relation to sexual difference. Here Shepherdson convincingly demonstrates that we are severed from any natural access to the body; through social discourse we repeatedly encounter the body within a system of signification, one that seeks always to capture and fully contain it. But unlike other social concepts--like "democracy or monarchy"--our bodies are not created by those discourses that conceptualize them. Rather, Vital Signs argues that sexual difference, for instance, is the hard rock that all signifying efforts run against--a resistant kernel to which discourse inevitably returns and yet, in its attempt to grasp it discursively, fails necessarily. The body divided by sex is not the success of the ideologies that seek to capture and define it, but is rather the failure of those interpellations, proof of the inability of any signifying system to resolve it into discourse. Sexual difference is a traumatic remainder, an empty bar that all of the competing, performative dimentions of gender try to "fill." As Shepherdson writes: "the subject in psychoanalysis is conceived in relation to this 'cost,' this traumatic residue that remains, even in not belonging to the symbolization that seeks to pacify and regulate it" (90).
For contemporary theories that increasingly posit the body as an object of social construction, this book presents a devastating challenge. However, from Shepherdson's continual engagement with many of the philosophers who take that approach, it is clear that he does not want to simply reject one account for the other. His respectful and generous chapter "History and the Real: Foucault with Lacan" creatively reads both authors on the questions of power, genealogy, and transgression. This chapter, and his book as a whole, proves a real contribution to understanding both French psychoanalysis and historicism. Vital Signs is a powerful challenge to and engagement with gender and cultural studies, one that should not be ignored.