The book is set in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. The 1905 revolution and its aftermath are encompassed within the storyline. One of Bunin's central characters is an entrepreneurial peasant, a little later in history to be given the fateful description of a kulak. Although the author clearly despises the rabble who represent the revolution in the villages, his antihero is brutal, exploitative and, with the exception of his existential self-pity, insensitive. His brother, who becomes a major character later, is rather more sensitive and clearly sees the inequities and cruelty of the old way of living, is nevertheless seen as ineffectual.
Bunin's storyline is thin and is really a vehicle for a guided tour of the iniquities and stupidity of rural life in this part of the world. For those familiar with the area or with Bunin's life, the area portrayed is close to the towns of Elets, Lipetsk and Voronezh, a few hundred miles to the south of Moscow. In Bunin's village, heroism is scarce, intelligence only a little less so. This is an uncompromisingly bleak, cruel book.