Like many others,no doubt,who've visited Turkey's Agean and Black Sea coasts,I've noticed heaps of ruins on hillsides and hilltops scattered here and there as the bus goes between modern Turkish towns.I stopped off at one just outside Gelibolu last November,but thanks to Bruce Clark's book in my rucksack,I had some idea of what happened there in the early 1920s.
Clark's book shows how,in the aftermath of World War One,the Allies and Greece tried to reshape the ethnic Turkish heartland of the Ottoman Empire.They didn't foresee the emergence of Ataturk,the explosion of Turkish nationalism,and Ataturk and his followers' willingness to go to extremes to achieve their objectives,nor what lengths the Greek army would go to to subdue Turks in zones occupied by them.
By far the best bits of this are the eyewitness testimonies of very aged Greek and Turkish who were caught up in the war,reprisals and forced migration.In total,about 2 million Turks and Greeks were forcibly exchanged,Greeks from the Black Sea and Agean littoral,even as far away as Cappodocia,Turks from Crete and Salonika,as well as many Agean islands.Greek-speaking muslims and Turkish-speaking christians were expelled as religion was the criteria used to judge who should be expelled or not.The stories are heartbreaking,not just of the expulsion but also how the expellees tried to make new lives in their unwanted new homelands.The destruction of Turkey's urban economy,already weakened by the mass killings of Armenians in 1915-16,was completed by the expulsion of the urban Greeks.Greece's agricultural economy suddenly had to make room for farmers expelled from Turkey.Total disaster,in other words-except for nationalist politicians in both Athens and Ankara.Nation-building could now commence.
Was it all really inevitable?Clark tends towards that viewpoint,but he acknowledges that this set a gruesome precedent for the 20th century.The mass expulsions of Germans from eastern Europe after 1945,the forcible exchanges in Cyprus after 1974,ethnic cleansing in the ex-Yugoslavia after 1991,even Israeli expulsions of Palestinians after 1948 and 1967 can all trace some ancestry to these events.If it happened so frequently in the 20th century,why can't it happen again?
Great,well-written history,highly recommended.Only four stars as it should have been longer,the oral histories recounted in this are truly amazing.If you enjoy reading this,try Mark Mazower's "Salonika,City Of Ghosts"