One of the many names that have justifiably been applied to Joseph Stalin is Hunger Tsar. Nevertheless, it is well to be reminded, and this book does not fail to do so, that famine was far from unknown in Russia and the other countries that became the Soviet Union before the Soviets took over, also that the Holodomor, or Terror-Famine, of 1932-33 was not the first famine of the Soviet period. However, the 1932-33 famine was characterised not only by being 'the big one' but by being a deliberate punitive measure against the peasantry, not simply the unfortunate result of weather and other circumstances. Stalin put in place the policies that brought about the famine, and even though some doubt might remain as to whether he originally intended the death of 20-25 per cent of those living in the affected areas (up to 100 per cent in some villages), it is established as fact that the result of the policies was brought to his attention before it was altogether too late, and that he remained resolute in their application.
Hardest hit were the grain growing areas of Ukraine and the Don and Kuban areas of Russia. Three million is a minimum estimate of those who died, plus a further million associated with collectivisation of the nomadic farmers of Kazakhstan, plus several hundred thousand 'Kulaks' shot or deported (often with their families) to Siberia, dying there. Historians continue to argue about whether the action constituted genocide - Ukrainian nationalism may have been a subsidiary target, and if the action was aimed at the peasantry as a group that too would constitute genocide by the UN definition - but there is no question that it was mass murder.
This 1986 study was a pioneer in the field. It is very thorough and remains relevant and useful. The Soviet archives remained classified at the time, so Robert Conquest did not have access to them. Neither was he able to travel in the affected areas, speaking freely with survivors and those who knew survivors as their parents or grandparents. It is all the more remarkable, therefore, that he seems not to have missed anything of great relevance. At the time there were gaps in the Soviet census data, and some had been deliberately falsified. Today's historians consider Conquest's estimates of deaths excessive (he says five million in Ukraine alone), but that does not invalidate the book as a whole, nor detract from the fact that the death toll - of which we shall never be certain - was horrifically large. The conditions suffered by those who survived as well as those who died were also in themselves a crime against humanity.
This book is for those who want a detailed account and many references. Briefer and more recent coverage of the same subject matter can be found in Timothy Snyder's
Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin and Andrea Graziosi's
The Great Soviet Peasant War: Bolsheviks and Peasants, 1917-33, both of which can be recommended in their own right.