This book challenges the traditional view of the Enlightenment and defends the view that it was far less deistic, secular, and anti-Christian than has been previously thought. In particular, he advocates downgrading traditional estimates of the number and influence of deists and atheists, and points out the many Christian sources of enlightened thought, from dissenting Christians in England to the Jansenists in France. Overall, Barnett's thesis is well-argued and persuasive, although he overstates his point at times. It was certainly true, for instance, that deists possessed intellectual influence out of proportion to their numbers. Nevertheless, Barnett's work is worthy of serious attention for pointing out the real, sometimes gaping flaws in previous interpretations of the rise of modernity.