The Anchor Bible Dictionary (ABD) is today's premiere scholarly critical Bible dictionary, supplanting the Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (TDNT, 'Kittel') and its rather lacklustre cousin Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT, 'Bottereck and Ringgren'), as well as the Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible (IDB). Although primarily a representation of liberal-critical debate, its extensive bibliographic and archaeological material make it a key reference work --albeit requiring judicious use and a health warning-- for confessional readers.
Interestingly, ABD is also available on CD for Apple Mac or PC at a similar price to the print version, with the usual attendant benefits and disadvantages.
The introduction sets out ABD's agenda very clearly. In discussing the earlier dictionaries, the authors point out that TDNT and its cousins were products of their own environment, often keener to present 'facts' than to challenge their own assumptions. ABD makes a point of challenging its own assumptions throughout. Although the authors readily admit that the dictionary will date just like the others, this conscious exposure of methodology makes it relatively easy to separate evidence from conclusions -- another plus for confessional readers who may be looking for the latest background material but are unhappy with a liberal-critical interpretation.
ABD scores over TDNT and TDOT in a number of other ways. Rather than adopt the formally appealing (but methodologically dubious) approach of only discussing words of theological significance in Scripture, ABD discusses anything which has prompted scholarly debate. Hence, under the Cs, we have Caesarea and Caleb, but also Calendars and Camel Brands. Furthermore, ABD includes as much relevant scholarship as it can find, whereas TDNT and TDOT resolutely avoid non-written sources such as archaeolgical excavation (except where they throw up texts). Conversely, of course, ABD does not supply anything like the lexical depth of TDNT, or the breadth of commentary on minor words which the still incomplete TDOT offers, and the authors acknowledge this readily in their introduction.
Naturally, ABD scores over TDOT in that it is available complete, whereas we are still collecting TDOT as it appears grindingly slowly, volume by volume, in English. More seriously, ABD has a much firmer editorial hand than TDNT, which began as one thing, before the Second World War under Kittel, and finished up, in the post-war volumes, as something rather different under Friedrich.
ABD also has a much greater range of contributors than its predecessors. TDNT and TDOT are the works of a handful of scholars, although they very correctly reference the works of hundreds more. IDB had 253 contributors for 7,500 entries while ABD has almost one thousand contributors for its 6,200 entries. ABD is further supplemented by some 700 illustrations.
As the authors point out in the introduction, ABD may be the last dictionary of its kind. The availability of the latest research through subscription sites on the internet makes it likely that future works will exist virtually, with constant updating and an annual fee. If ABD is the last of the scholarly paper-based dictionaries, it is a fitting conclusion to a tradition which, for all its faults, has brought contemporary scholarship to the desks of pastors, students and general readers for many generations.