Singing to the Plants: A Guide to Mestizo Shamanism in the Upper Amazon [Paperback]

In this tome, Beyer has found the sweet spot between scholarly and popular writing, the otherworldly and the ordinary, participation and observation; the result is the single best book I have seen yet on ayahuasca.

In addition to a law degree, Beyer hold doctorates in psychology and religious studies, but his discovery of ayahuasca was more than intellectual. Arriving in the Amazon to practice wilderness survival, he soon realized that learning about the jungle meant learning about the spirit of its plants. So he apprenticed himself to two mestizo teachers named Don Roberto and Dona Maria. He studied ceremony, healing plants and the inevitable sorcery tactics with them and others for many years.

While Beyer's personal tale enlivens Singing to the Plants, he resisted the temptation to write a memoir. Instead, he allowed his experiences to round out, deepen, and authenticate what is a manifestly solid work of scholarship designed, happily, for the rest of us. Beyer's book offers broad discussions more than new data or highly focused arguments; despite some arcane and fascinating discussions of magic stones and sex with plant spirits, I suspect that ethnobotanists and anthropologists familiar with the Amazon will find relatively few surprises. But the ant hills of detail are not the point. Singing to the Plants is designed to inform a wider audience--and gently bust some myths--by presenting this almost literally kaleidoscopic phenomenon through a number of distinct lenses: anthropology, ethnobotany, pharmacology, psychology, international law, cultural politics, and magic both crafty and occult.

I knew I was gonna love this book when, after presenting illuminating and occasionally disturbing tales about his own teachers, Beyer frames the shaman's work through an understanding of performance. Like stage magicians (or western doctors), shamans are, on one level, performers with an audience, and aspects of their performance are deeply linked with everything from the sleight of hand of conjurers to costume. Beyer's breakdown of shamanic performance is thorough and fascinating, with chapters on "Phlegm and Darts," "Sucking and Blowing," and "Harm." I was particularly wowed with his discussion of shamanic sounds and songs, and especially the haunting, nasal whine of icaros. In addition to presenting research on how these sacred songs are passed on and improvised, he emphasizes the abstract effects produced when lyrics break down into alien tongues or pure sounds like whistles, hacks, and hums, whose "correct resonance and vibration [are] more important" than meaning.

Beyer roots shamanic performance and the ayahuasca ceremony in the body. As initiates know, the aya ritual can be an intensely physical experience--a woozy, vibrating, literally gut-wrenching dance of coughing, spitting, burping, and, of course, puking. (Beyer spends a lot of time with phlegm, for example, an aspect of shamanic performance that is not always emphasized north of the border.) This carnal and even carnivalesque dimension reminds us that ayahuasca is not a mystic or transcendentalist affair, and resists the highly internalized or even disembodied approaches that many American seekers bring to it, with their background in meditation or other more internalized psychedelics. Along these lines, Beyer makes the provocative argument--which is growing on me the more I think about it--that DMT (the most active ingredient in ayahausca) deserves to be classed as a "hallucinogen" distinct from "entheogens" like LSD and mescaline, which peel away the layers of the self to reveal the god within (the literal meaning of entheogen). In contrast, according to Beyer, DMT unveils a visionary world out there, one that is not only believable but seemingly inhabited.

While Beyer uses plenty of concepts and lingo drawn from anthropology and psychology, he does not offer these views in a spirit of reductionism. After all, Beyer has been learning the ropes for years, and has spent far too much time wrestling with wizardry to try to dissipate its dialectic of healing and harming with the word-spells of academe. Beyer's critical discussions only help illuminate the central mystery with greater intensity. So while he offers up useful maps of the phenomenology of visionary states, when it comes to talking about the spirits themselves, Beyer just calls `em as he sees `em. Spirits--or "doctores"--are simply part of the picture; there is no need to reduce them to projections or myths--they harm and they heal, converse and confuse. As long as we remain aware of the various contexts which structure our encounters, we have every reason to acknowledge and engage the spirits as part of our world--an aspect of nature and consciousness, but also--and this is crucial--an aspect of modernity itself.

In contrast to many Euro-American aya fans, who fetishize the otherness of the Amazonian shaman, Beyer does not characterize the Amazon's techniques of religious ecstasy as archaic residues free from any contamination from today's globalized world. The culture of ayahuasca is both stronger and weaker than that, more expansively eclectic and also more ordinary. Beyer notes that Dona Maria's spirit doctors regularly spoke in "computer language," just as an earlier generation of shamans used metaphors of electro-magnetism and radio to characterize the spirit world. The UFOs found scattered through Pablo Amaringo's paintings are icons of this visionary futurism. But they are equally signs of the syncretic, mix-and-match, opportunistic, and almost willfully contaminated aspects of mestizo culture--which must make itself up as it slips along between jungle and city, modernity and the indigenous forest. That said, Beyer is all too aware of the political, economic, and spiritual costs of the Amazon's deepening imbrication with global flows of capital and culture--an encounter that is increasingly taking place through the medium of ayahuasca tourism, which receives a sharp if too short treatment here.

If shamans are not frozen under glass, they are not squeaky-clean avatars of sweetness and light either. Beyer is very clear: to enter the shamanic world is to enter a world shot through with sorcery, with harms as well as healings. Budding shamans either struggle with sorcerers or join the wickedness; in his fascinating discussion of psychic darts, which healers store in their bodies for a rainy day after extracting them from victims, Beyer explains why the dark side is actually an easier path to take. "Good" shamanism reveals itself to be an intensely ethical discipline, not only in relationship to the community of persons (human and otherwise), but to the darkness within. The shaman's predicament is also grounded in social reality: a successful healer necessarily creates rivalry and envy, and when he fails at his healing task, necessarily creates paranoia and suspicion as well. This accounts for what Beyer calls the "social ambiguity of the shaman," the fact that many of them are sneaky, unstable, and mistrustful. It's a lonely path, anxious and ambiguous all the way down the line.

And the job has only gotten harder, even though there is more cash to be had and the global profile is at an all time high. Beyer closes the book with a pessimistic assessment of Amazonian shamanism's future in a world where the younger generation would rather learn quick techniques from occult books than take on the ascetic rigors of the plant healing path. Beyer knows that conscientious gringos like himself will not fill the gap, especially when the general effect of the exploding Euro-North American interest in Amazonian shamanism is a spectral assault of dream darts soaked in naive assumptions and often narcissistic desires. Hopefully, Singing to the Plants will help us realize that one of the best cures for our own poisons is to learn how to hold them.

Steve Beyer's Singing to the Plants is a fascinating piece of work. In 400 pages he delivers an encyclopedic analysis of ayahuasca shamanism - and does it in extraordinary detail backed up with hundreds of citations to an exhaustive bibliography that stretches on for 60 pages. It's a work of impressive scholarship written in an engaging, conversational tone that is never dry or dense. From start to finish, it is a pleasure to read this book. It's beautifully organized with bold-faced headers for easy access to various topics, which seems to have been done with college textbook-use in mind. And, indeed, it would make a marvelous textbook for anthropology students.

My one quibble with the book is Beyer's noticeable absence from the text. Here is a man intimately familiar with ayahuasca, yet we hear little of his own personal observations. While his writing has an easy gracefulness to it - as if you're chatting with him over coffee - Beyer maintains a kind of scholarly disengagement from his topic. And, frankly, I wondered if this disengagement was actually evasiveness on his part. Nowhere do we get a straightforward discussion of his personal relationship with the spirit of the plant - which is something I was looking forward to. Instead, the closest we get are examinations of such things as the physiology of hallucinations, magical realism in literature, and Jung's concept of active imagination.

All of this could lead many readers to assume Beyer does not acknowledge the reality of Plant Spirits or plant intelligence - that he believes it's all simply hallucinations or imagination. But in a recent interview with Morgan Maher of Reality Sandwich, Beyer was far more upfront. He said the following: "The plants speak in many different ways, I think." ..."All we can do, I think, is to ask ourselves how the sacred plants want us to live, how we can walk this medicine path in a sacred way, in right relationship." ... "I think the plants love us. I have no idea why. We certainly have done nothing - at least recently - to deserve it. I think they want us to be human beings again."

I wish Beyer had been this candid in his book. But undoubtedly he had to make certain concessions in order to be published by a university press. Nonetheless, I thoroughly enjoyed his book, and will surely read it again someday. In the meantime, I hope someone finds a way to introduce the topic of Plant Spirits into academia - in the same level-headed way that Beyer (and others) have brought legitimacy to a discussion of ayahuasca shamanism.

Singing to the Plants
A Guide to Mestizo Shamanism in the Upper Amazon
By Stephen V. Beyer

Finally, someone has taken the time to write a pretty damned comprehensive book about the world of Amazonian shamanism. Far too often reports of ayahuasca use, the world of plant healing, and the traditions of humans interacting with the spirits of plants and animals and non-ordinary beings are written by people who don't have a context with which to frame those reports, and the result is skewed by a lack of knowledge of the region and the cultures of the people who live within it. Beyer, on the other hand, has spent considerable time in Amazonia, has listened to what the locals and curanderos themselves have to say; has personally worked with ayahuasca and other plant medicines over several years. He's also apparently read and digested everything else ever written on the topic, with an eye to incorporate the historical perspective of people who studied or lived with indigenous peoples who incorporated shamanism into their daily lives.
And Beyer makes his virtual encyclopedia an effortless pleasure to read. He works with a full palate of writing skills, understanding and a fine ear for detail. Coupled with a larder full of anecdotes, Singing to the Plants is as good as it gets if one wants to know what the heck shamanism in the Upper Amazon is all about. Put it this way: Any writer willing to investigate deeply enough in this topic to discover that Tabu cologne is a favorite of the spirit of Ayahuasca, has done his damned homework. Good for him. And, of course, good for us.
Peter Gorman, author of Ayahuasca in My Blood--25 Years of Medicine Dreaming
Ayahuasca in My Blood: 25 Years of Medicine Dreaming