THE STRUGGLES FOR POLAND (PART 2)

The list author says:
	"Hitler and Stalin began World War 2 as partners in tyranny - and for the second time in history, Poland's western and eastern neighbours collaborated to wipe it off the map...."

The list author says:
	"The fourth partition of Poland - invaded from the north, west and south by Germany, betrayed by Britain and France, and stabbed in the back by the Soviet Union...."

The list author says:
	"On August 22nd 1939 Hitler had authorised killing 'without pity or mercy all men, women and children of Polish descent or language. Only in this way can we obtain the living space we need'...."

The list author says:
	"Poland lost 2.2 million children during the second world war (all other countries put together lost 11 million)."

The list author says:
	"The Soviets imprisoned 220000 Polish soldiers in concentration camps, and in 1940 murdered 23000 Polish officers, reservists and civilian leaders - burying them in mass graves at Katyn and other sites."

The list author says:
	"Hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens were also deported from Soviet-occupied Poland to camps, collective farms, exile villages and various outposts of the gulag deep in the USSR...."

The list author says:
	"After Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, surviving Polish military and civilian detainees in the USSR were released, and 120000 of them managed to escape to the west with the Anders army in 1942...."

The list author says:
	"Poland's Armia Krajowa (AK or Home Army) became the largest and most active resistance movement in occupied Europe during World War 2...."

The list author says:
	"The author's experiences as a resistance fighter and survivor of Auschwitz - initially a concentration camp for Polish prisoners, later a death camp in which 1 million Jews were murdered."

The list author says:
	"Nearly all of Poland's pre-war Jewish population was exterminated in the Shoah along with Jews from throughout Europe (a total of 6 million). Karski's words of warning fell on deaf ears...."

The list author says:
	"Jewish ghettos established by the Germans were liquidated one by one as the 'final solution' was implemented. In the Warsaw ghetto this led to an uprising in 1943, which was brutally crushed...."

The list author says:
	"From 1943-44 Ukrainian nationalists conducted a genocidal campaign of mass murder and expulsion of the ethnic Polish population of Wolyn and Galicia, during which tens of thousands of people were killed, often with a degree of savagery that defies description...."

The list author says:
	"One of the most tragic struggles in Polish history led to the total devastation of Poland's capital city and the death of 250000 people in just 63 days...."

The list author says:
	"After encouraging the Warsaw uprising, the advancing Soviets stopped to watch the Germans systematically destroy the city and crush the Polish resistance, before moving in to take the spoils..."

The list author says:
	"The unremitting savagery of the Nazi and Soviet occupiers and their collaborators killed over 20% of Poland's population in WW2, while countless thousands were exiled to all corners of the globe...."

The list author says:
	"....'God I ask you - allow me to forget those days and weeks when I lay on piles of corpses in the hope of finding a tiny bit of warmth; allow me to forget the licking of ice from the walls of the cattle wagons; allow me to lose my memory of those years'...."

The list author says:
	"Polish land, sea and air forces made the 4th largest contribution to the allied war effort in WW2, but the freedom and independence they helped to secure for others was not to be shared by Poland."

The list author says:
	"The western powers had spinelessely appeased Hitler. At Yalta they handed Poland to Stalin on a bloody plate, redrew its borders and rubber stamped the ethnic cleansing of Poland's eastern population."

The list author says:
	"Sadly, WW2 did not end in Poland in 1945. Another 200000 people were to die and disappear as the Stalinists ruthlessely suppressed anti-Soviet opposition and any hope of Polish independence."

The list author says:
	"Stalin is reputed to have said that trying to enforce communism on Poland was like trying to saddle a cow."

The list author says:
	"7 retrospective interviews with 7 communists prominent during the imposition of Stalinist terror in the new "people's republic" (Jakub Berman, Edward Ochab, Wiktor Klosiewicz, Roman Werfel, Leon Chajn, Stefan Staszewski, Julia Minc)...."

The list author says:
	"Orwellian double-think in the real world...."

The list author says:
	"The title is self-explanatory."

The list author says:
	"The great leap forward, and it started in Gdansk (I'm sure Mieszko would have approved)...."

The list author says:
	"Free at last (after surviving the partitions, WW1, the Polish-Soviet war, Hitler, the Wehrmacht, the Gestapo, Stalin, the Red Army, the NKVD/KGB and 45 years of Soviet rule) - but for how long?"