Although experts on Japan may have some specific academic criticisms, these should not detract from the overall quality of Pempel's book. The book synthesises an extremely wide body of literature (both English and Japanese language) on Japan's modern political economy, especially less well-known or unorthodox ideas overlooked by many Western texts. As such, it deserves to become a standard in bringing students (in the widest sense of the term) up to a graduate, if not higher, level understanding. It would definitely also make enlightening reading to those Western policy makers and commentators on Japan who have yet to grasp the subtleties of Japan's rise and the even more complicated factors behind its current decline.