When Henry James wrote THE PRINCESS CASAMASSIMA in 1886, he left the polite, drawing room society of effete and erudite snobs pontificating endlessly at one another for the decidedly lower class world of thugs, anarchists, and terrorists. Europe, then, as the Mid East is now, was full of internal dissension, with Marxist anarchists dreaming of plots that would soon reach fruition in Russia in 1917. The intellectual clime was also rife with a sense of deterministic fatalism that suggested that man was a pawn of a cobwebbery of political, social, and economic events totally beyond his control. There was little one could do, its proponents argued, but to meekly go with the flow. It was against this twin background of anarchy and determinism that James wrote this book.
Hyacinth Robinson is a child born of an illicit romance between a French prostitute and an English lord. After his birth, his mother kills his father with a knife and is sentenced to life in prison. At birth, then, Hyacinth is consigned to a lower class existence with his world view eminating from the ground up. He is raised by a good-hearted Miss Pynsent, who senses in the boy a chance to rise above his station in life. As he matures, he finds a female playmate, Millicent Henning, who, later in life, will love him unreservedly, but he, in turn, will reject that love. Hyacinth tries to find his niche in the world, and for one of his low caste, becoming a bookbinder will do well enough.
The problem with Hyacinth is that the more he struggles to overcome his humble origins, the determinism that gripped the philosophers of the day sought only to prevent him from climbing out of his rut. Hyacinth, even at an early age, began to intuit that the only way to rise above his station was first to destroy it. Eventually he meets the Princess Casamassima, a lovely but bored wife of a wealthy prince, who is the means by which he can elevate himself and in so doing crush the grubby underside of a society to which he yet belongs. She plays along with him, but to her, Hyacinth is only one whose lowly background matched hers prior to her marriage. For the moment, he occupies her attention. Soon enough, however, she dumps him for Paul Muniment, a revolutionary hustler who does not mind mixing the business of revolution with the pleasure of the bedroom. Muniment entices an all too willing Hyacinth into a presposterous scheme to assassinate an unnamed capitalist. When finally, Hyacinth learns that he has abandoned his former world of drudgery and poverty for the unobtainable world of the now unavailable Princess, he does not belong in either, and in desperation shoots himself.
THE PRINCESS CASAMASSIMA is not one of Henry James' best books. It is preachy and today's readers do not connect readily with the concept that one's fate is predetermined. Yet, in the fate of Hyacinth Robinson, James starkly depicts a man unhappy with his environment which he determines to alter. The fact that he fails does not negate the intensity of his effort.