Through the 18th and 19th centuries in France, through various means, but particularly by the juvenile courts and its assemblage of notables, including mothers, which Donzelot calls the tutelage complex, families became a mechanism through which the government extended its control over workers, particularly 'delinquents,' rendering them docile by increasingly severe oversight, successively imposed by mothers, social workers and ultimately penal authorities. In contrast, for the bourgeois, the family was reoriented away from its former purposes of self-aggrandizement and propertied alliances toward the protection and cultivation of children. While working class and bourgeous children alike became subject to school supervision and education, bourgeois families also employed private extracurricular education to assure advancement and address the problem of 'difficult children.' Counselors spoke to the entire family, not offering prescriptions but therapy, maturation not being measured as the acceptance of duty, but a negotiated rapprochement, having the consequence of releasing well-to-do mothers to find a measure of sexual liberation. Thus, while a state-sponsored institution, the meaning of family manifested very contingently and particularly, depending on the power of its members, particularly, and ultimately, in their relation to the state. Donzelot especially marvels at the way psychotherapy could be employed for such varied and contradictory purposes, suggesting that Freud was to psychiatry and medicine what Keynes was to economics, each making necessity appear provisional.