This is a classic in social psychology. Nisbett and Ross, two prolific psychologists, argue that human behaviour is more the result of context than personality, with people often mistakenly inferring the causes of their own and other's behaviour. They highlight that laypeople (and even academic psychologists in everyday life) often ascribe personality traits to explain observed behaviour - John steals because he is dishonest and Jane volunteers at a soup kitchen because she is kind. However, as Walter Mischel first pointed out in
Personality and Assessment, existing research shows that cross-situational correlations of personality traits (e.g. conscientiousness at work versus at home) are remarkably low (around .10, which is indistinguishable from no correlation). Instead, Nisbett and Ross point out in a gleefully contrarian manner that it's the situation, and the individual's interpretation of that situation, that determines behaviour.
The highlight of the book for me is that canonical psychology studies are reviewed through the lens of situationism, giving an interesting slant to Milgram's
Obedience to Authority studies, Festinger's
Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Latane and Darley's bystander studies, and Asch's 'conformity' experiments (I put the word in inverted commas as Nisbett and Ross correctly point out that the original experiment was as much about independence as it was about conformity, disabusing the much-repeated myth of this classic study). Anyone interested in these classics will be satisfied with the fascinating situationist re-interpretation.
This book is dense - not in the sense that it's hard to read (it could be comfortably read by interested laypeople, especially fans of Malcolm Gladwell's
Outliers or
The Tipping Point, but I'd advise skipping the particularly intense chapter about statistics). Rather, it's dense in that it contains so many fascinating ideas for such a slim volume. One minor gripe is that for this Pinter & Martin re-issue, the writers have elected to add an epilogue rather than revise the book in line with current research. In the epilogue they all-too-briefly mention the tantalizing idea about the interaction of the person via the situation, rather than the person versus the situation, an idea I would have loved to see given more space. This review can't do justice to the sheer depth and breadth that this book covers, so I can only recommend for anyone interested in social psychology to pick up this book.