On What Matters : Volume One
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It is finally here... there is no doubt that On What Matters is an epochal work ... a remarkable achievement, giving us a truly comprehensive picture of the moral outlook ... of one of the greatest moral thinkers of our time... Parfit's intellectual personality radiates throughout On What Matters, which as a whole presents a gripping and illuminating picture of a single, comprehensive view of the projects of both normative and metaethical inquiry. Mark Schroeder, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews [On What Matters] stands as a grand and dedicated attempt to elaborate a fundamentally misguided perspective. Its diligence and its honesty command respect. Perhaps these real virtues will set standards for a very different ventures in academic ethics. Naturalist or otherwise--for a return to the tradition of attempts to understand and improve everyday judgment, and to provide resources for people and policymakers everywhere. In the end, that is what matters. Philip Kitcher, The New Republic the most significant work in ethics since Sidgwick's masterpiece was published in 1873 ... a work of epic proportions and ambitions Peter Singer, Times Literary Supplement the most eagerly awaited book in philosophy since Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations... Should the book become as influential as the stars guiding its arrival suggest, it could seriously alter the way that ethics is thought about and taught. Constantine Sandis, Times Higher Education represents many years of work by one of the most influential philosophers of our time Simon Blackburn, Financial Times an epochal work... a remarkable achievement, giving us a truly comprehensive picture of the moral outlook - both normative and metaethical - of one of the greatest moral thinkers of our time Mark Schroeder, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews
Review
It is finally here. . . there is no doubt that On What Matters is an epochal work . . . a remarkable achievement, giving us a truly comprehensive picture of the moral outlook . . . of one of the greatest moral thinkers of our time. . . . Parfit's intellectual personality radiates throughout On What Matters, which as a whole presents a gripping and illuminating picture of a single, comprehensive view of the projects of both normative and metaethical inquiry. (Mark Schroeder, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews )
[On What Matters] stands as a grand and dedicated attempt to elaborate a fundamentally misguided perspective. Its diligence and its honesty command respect. Perhaps these real virtues will set standards for a very different ventures in academic ethics. Naturalist or otherwise--for a return to the tradition of attempts to understand and improve everyday judgment, and to provide resources for people and policymakers everywhere. In the end, that is what matters. (Philip Kitcher, The New Republic )
the most significant work in ethics since Sidgwick's masterpiece was published in 1873 ... a work of epic proportions and ambitions (Peter Singer, Times Literary Supplement )
the most eagerly awaited book in philosophy since Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations... Should the book become as influential as the stars guiding its arrival suggest, it could seriously alter the way that ethics is thought about and taught. (Constantine Sandis, Times Higher Education )
represents many years of work by one of the most influential philosophers of our time (Simon Blackburn, Financial Times )
an epochal work... a remarkable achievement, giving us a truly comprehensive picture of the moral outlook - both normative and metaethical - of one of the greatest moral thinkers of our time (Mark Schroeder, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews )
Parfits arguments are of extraordinary brilliance and clarity, and by any standards On What Matters is an immensely powerful achievement. . . Parfits intricate and beautifully lucid book is undoubtedly the work of a philosophical genius. (John Cottingham, The Tablet )
[On What Matters] stands as a grand and dedicated attempt to elaborate a fundamentally misguided perspective. Its diligence and its honesty command respect. Perhaps these real virtues will set standards for a very different ventures in academic ethics. Naturalist or otherwise--for a return to the tradition of attempts to understand and improve everyday judgment, and to provide resources for people and policymakers everywhere. In the end, that is what matters. (Philip Kitcher, The New Republic )
the most significant work in ethics since Sidgwick's masterpiece was published in 1873 ... a work of epic proportions and ambitions (Peter Singer, Times Literary Supplement )
the most eagerly awaited book in philosophy since Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations... Should the book become as influential as the stars guiding its arrival suggest, it could seriously alter the way that ethics is thought about and taught. (Constantine Sandis, Times Higher Education )
represents many years of work by one of the most influential philosophers of our time (Simon Blackburn, Financial Times )
an epochal work... a remarkable achievement, giving us a truly comprehensive picture of the moral outlook - both normative and metaethical - of one of the greatest moral thinkers of our time (Mark Schroeder, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews )
Parfits arguments are of extraordinary brilliance and clarity, and by any standards On What Matters is an immensely powerful achievement. . . Parfits intricate and beautifully lucid book is undoubtedly the work of a philosophical genius. (John Cottingham, The Tablet )
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Most Helpful Customer Reviews
6 of 7 people found the following review helpful
Format:Hardcover
In this ambitious book (this is a single book in two parts- get both) Parfit seeks an objective theory of ethics. Using his metaphor imagine three groups of philosophers climbing the ethical mountain seeking the holy grail of an objective ethical theory. The first group consists of Kantian rule consequentialists, the second group are Kantian deontologists, and third are the Kantian/Scanlonian contractualists. They climb towards the peak using different paths, but at the peak they all meet. They have all found the triple theory!
To make this work the views of Kant needs to be tweaked. Parfit take on Kant is that Kant was the greatest philosopher of ethics that ever had lived up until his time generating many novel ideas. However, some Kant's views are inconsistent. To make them work they need to be improved.
Metaethics.
Parfit methaethical view is that there are moral beliefs, some of which are objectively true. These beliefs are analogous to Plato's view on natural numbers. Their existence is not in the natural world.
In methaethical terms the author is in the non-naturalist cognitivism camp along with Sidgwick (Parfit's two `masters' are Kant and Sidgwick), G.E Moore, and Thomas Nagel. While being consilient with normative ethics, Parfit's metaethical stance is distinct. He spends a lot of time arguing against many other metaethical positions, such as non- cognitivism or natural views. He is worried that John Mackie and Bernard Williams, which he both knew, had other views. Parfit thinks that he would be able to change their minds.
Reasons and rationality
Parfit defends an objective theory of reasons. This is very similar to Scanlon's view. He spends a lot of effort arguing against subjective theories of reason.
There is a sense of urgency in this book. The author motivation of writing this book is that what matters most is to ensure that future generations can prosper and live healthy lives. Considering all current problems that we face, such as global warming, overpopulation, and poverty, etc., an objective theory of ethics would be crucial.
I would recommend this book to anyone interested in ethics. It is broad in scope, rich in content, and written in a non-technical manner. This book could very well become a classic.
To make this work the views of Kant needs to be tweaked. Parfit take on Kant is that Kant was the greatest philosopher of ethics that ever had lived up until his time generating many novel ideas. However, some Kant's views are inconsistent. To make them work they need to be improved.
Metaethics.
Parfit methaethical view is that there are moral beliefs, some of which are objectively true. These beliefs are analogous to Plato's view on natural numbers. Their existence is not in the natural world.
In methaethical terms the author is in the non-naturalist cognitivism camp along with Sidgwick (Parfit's two `masters' are Kant and Sidgwick), G.E Moore, and Thomas Nagel. While being consilient with normative ethics, Parfit's metaethical stance is distinct. He spends a lot of time arguing against many other metaethical positions, such as non- cognitivism or natural views. He is worried that John Mackie and Bernard Williams, which he both knew, had other views. Parfit thinks that he would be able to change their minds.
Reasons and rationality
Parfit defends an objective theory of reasons. This is very similar to Scanlon's view. He spends a lot of effort arguing against subjective theories of reason.
There is a sense of urgency in this book. The author motivation of writing this book is that what matters most is to ensure that future generations can prosper and live healthy lives. Considering all current problems that we face, such as global warming, overpopulation, and poverty, etc., an objective theory of ethics would be crucial.
I would recommend this book to anyone interested in ethics. It is broad in scope, rich in content, and written in a non-technical manner. This book could very well become a classic.
Most Helpful Customer Reviews on Amazon.com (beta)
Amazon.com:
5 reviews
22 of 30 people found the following review helpful
wrong volume in kindle as of June 27, 2011-not a review
28 Jun 2011
Format:Kindle Edition|Amazon Verified Purchase
Sorry, this is not a review, just an alert that what you get as of June 27, 2011, is volume TWO, and not volume One as indicated. I reported the problem, and I hope it will be corrected. Before you buy the kindle edition labeled as Volume I, just get the sample first and check to make sure that the mix up has been corrected, unless you want to start with Volume TWO, which also includes some comments for Volume ONE.
8 of 14 people found the following review helpful
The Emperor Has No Clothes
23 Jan 2012
Format:Hardcover
"What is good and what is not good? Do we need anyone to tell us these things?"
It's a pattern as old as Socrates: pick a nice, empty rhetorical container on which there is some vaguely general agreement--"Good" or "True" or, in Parfit's case, "Reason(s)"--then fill it with whatever you want. It cannot be denied that Parfit has constructed a meticulous rhetorical edifice, a recitation of definitions to rival Webster, but the sum total of his contribution appears to be the claim that deontology, consequentialism, and contractualism should all yield the same ethical results (even though, as presently understood by their various proponents, they don't). All of this is founded on a notion of "reasons" that sometimes succeeds and sometimes fails, at least to the extent that an ordinary-language descriptive-ethics is what Parfit intends. Kudos to Parfit for constructing a work as labyrinthine as anything Kant ever penned; simply attempting to decipher some of Parfit's claims should give philosophy professors something to argue about at great length and for years to come (indeed, some such arguments are already included in Volume 2!). So good news, I suppose, if you're in need of a thesis, but do not expect anything approaching conceptual clarity to arise from this mess.
Somewhat more particularly, I felt that Parfit's most egregious mistake was classifying virtue ethics, without comment, as a sub-category of consequentialism (it's not). He completely ignores some of the most interesting ordinary-language ethics to come out of academic philosophy in the last thirty years. But perhaps he can be forgiven; what else is he supposed to do with a school of ethics that would tell him (rejecting the finality, as it does, of both consequentialism and deontology) that his magnum opus makes a moot point? As someone who leans toward virtue theory, this was a huge disappointment to me and the reason I'm giving the book one star instead of two.
I understand that Parfit was a philosophical rock star before I started grade school. And I am somewhat sympathetic with his stated aims--in short, he wants an ethics with the certainty and finality and universality of a naturalistic framework while eschewing all that metaphysical baggage. But as near as I can tell, the praise flowing toward this book amounts to the warbling of sycophants and hangers-on looking for some coattails to ride to tenure, or professors who do not wish to have their wisdom questioned by daring to dismiss so voluminous a work from so influential a scholar. I found very little to like about this book and much to roll my eyes at (not least of all, the utterly pompous tone with which Parfit dismisses possible counterexamples). If you happen to be an academic philosopher doing work in ethics you may not have any choice but to familiarize yourself with this book, but regarding its intrinsic value I wouldn't even recommend it to philosophy undergrads, much less layfolk.
It's a pattern as old as Socrates: pick a nice, empty rhetorical container on which there is some vaguely general agreement--"Good" or "True" or, in Parfit's case, "Reason(s)"--then fill it with whatever you want. It cannot be denied that Parfit has constructed a meticulous rhetorical edifice, a recitation of definitions to rival Webster, but the sum total of his contribution appears to be the claim that deontology, consequentialism, and contractualism should all yield the same ethical results (even though, as presently understood by their various proponents, they don't). All of this is founded on a notion of "reasons" that sometimes succeeds and sometimes fails, at least to the extent that an ordinary-language descriptive-ethics is what Parfit intends. Kudos to Parfit for constructing a work as labyrinthine as anything Kant ever penned; simply attempting to decipher some of Parfit's claims should give philosophy professors something to argue about at great length and for years to come (indeed, some such arguments are already included in Volume 2!). So good news, I suppose, if you're in need of a thesis, but do not expect anything approaching conceptual clarity to arise from this mess.
Somewhat more particularly, I felt that Parfit's most egregious mistake was classifying virtue ethics, without comment, as a sub-category of consequentialism (it's not). He completely ignores some of the most interesting ordinary-language ethics to come out of academic philosophy in the last thirty years. But perhaps he can be forgiven; what else is he supposed to do with a school of ethics that would tell him (rejecting the finality, as it does, of both consequentialism and deontology) that his magnum opus makes a moot point? As someone who leans toward virtue theory, this was a huge disappointment to me and the reason I'm giving the book one star instead of two.
I understand that Parfit was a philosophical rock star before I started grade school. And I am somewhat sympathetic with his stated aims--in short, he wants an ethics with the certainty and finality and universality of a naturalistic framework while eschewing all that metaphysical baggage. But as near as I can tell, the praise flowing toward this book amounts to the warbling of sycophants and hangers-on looking for some coattails to ride to tenure, or professors who do not wish to have their wisdom questioned by daring to dismiss so voluminous a work from so influential a scholar. I found very little to like about this book and much to roll my eyes at (not least of all, the utterly pompous tone with which Parfit dismisses possible counterexamples). If you happen to be an academic philosopher doing work in ethics you may not have any choice but to familiarize yourself with this book, but regarding its intrinsic value I wouldn't even recommend it to philosophy undergrads, much less layfolk.
1 of 3 people found the following review helpful
Climbing an Indefinable Mountain
13 Feb 2012
Format:Hardcover
I can see why Peter Singer and Brad Hooker call this one of the best books on ethics ever. In it, I think Parfit successfully synthesizes the best versions of three major ethical theories: Kantianism, Consequentialism and Social Contract Theory. He says they are "climbing the same mountain" of morality.
Parfit also has many important ideas concerning the nature of reasons, the Consent Principle, the Golden Rule, and treating people as a mere means. I think Parfit's main idea is that facts can give us reasons to do things and want things, even if we don't care about such things upon reflection. Here are two examples: (1) Even if I know I am a greedy person, there is still sufficient reason for me to return someone's lost wallet. (2) The fact that calling an ambulance would save a bleeding stranger's life gives a bystander a reason to do it, even if he'd rather skip the hassle. Many people claim they don't understand such irreducibly normative reasons, but Parfit tries to help them do so.
One critique I have of Parfit's approach is his refusal to define crucial terms like "normative reason", "morally wrong" and "rationally ought." I am left wondering, what exactly do these words mean? Whenever other people's theories do define these terms, Parfit rejects them as being concealed tautologies. E.g. If 'wrong' just means 'decreases overall happiness', then it's trivially true that some actions are wrong. (p.72-73) So it seems like we're stuck with moral claims being either trivial or partially indefinable. He tries to get the reader to understand the concept of a normative reason not by analyzing it but by using examples, like the ones I mentioned above. Many of his examples are quite imaginative, which is to be expected from Parfit.
In the end, I am ambivalent about whether Parfit's Objectivism about reasons is successful. It seems mysterious how there are such irreducibly normative entities and how we come to know them. He tries to answer these objections in Volume 2, which I am now reading. In any case, his ethical system is worth exploring.
Parfit also has many important ideas concerning the nature of reasons, the Consent Principle, the Golden Rule, and treating people as a mere means. I think Parfit's main idea is that facts can give us reasons to do things and want things, even if we don't care about such things upon reflection. Here are two examples: (1) Even if I know I am a greedy person, there is still sufficient reason for me to return someone's lost wallet. (2) The fact that calling an ambulance would save a bleeding stranger's life gives a bystander a reason to do it, even if he'd rather skip the hassle. Many people claim they don't understand such irreducibly normative reasons, but Parfit tries to help them do so.
One critique I have of Parfit's approach is his refusal to define crucial terms like "normative reason", "morally wrong" and "rationally ought." I am left wondering, what exactly do these words mean? Whenever other people's theories do define these terms, Parfit rejects them as being concealed tautologies. E.g. If 'wrong' just means 'decreases overall happiness', then it's trivially true that some actions are wrong. (p.72-73) So it seems like we're stuck with moral claims being either trivial or partially indefinable. He tries to get the reader to understand the concept of a normative reason not by analyzing it but by using examples, like the ones I mentioned above. Many of his examples are quite imaginative, which is to be expected from Parfit.
In the end, I am ambivalent about whether Parfit's Objectivism about reasons is successful. It seems mysterious how there are such irreducibly normative entities and how we come to know them. He tries to answer these objections in Volume 2, which I am now reading. In any case, his ethical system is worth exploring.
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