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On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society [Paperback]

Dave Grossman
4.3 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (20 customer reviews)

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On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society 4.3 out of 5 stars (20)
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Book Description

1 Nov 1996
The twentieth century, with its bloody world wars, revolutions, and genocides accounting for hundreds of millions dead, would seem to prove that human beings are incredibly vicious predators and that killing is as natural as eating. But Lieutenant Colonel Dave Grossman, a psychologist and U.S. Army Ranger, demonstrates this is not the case. The good news, according to Grossman - drawing on dozens of interviews, first-person reports, and historic studies of combat, ranging from Frederick the Great's battles in the eighteenth century through Vietnam - is that the vast majority of soldiers are loath to kill. In World War II, for instance, only 15 to 25 percent of combat infantry were willing to fire their rifles. The provocative news is that modern armies, using Pavlovian and operant conditioning, have learned how to overcome this reluctance. In Korea about 50 percent of combat infantry were willing to shoot, and in Vietnam the figure rose to over 90 percent. The bad news is that by conditioning soldiers to overcome their instinctive loathing of killing, we have drastically increased post-combat stress - witness the devastated psychological state of our Vietnam vets as compared with those from earlier wars. And the truly terrible news is that contemporary civilian society, particularly the media, replicates the army's conditioning techniques and - according to Grossman's controversial thesis - is responsible for our rising rates of murder and violence, particularly among the young. In the explosive last section of the book, he argues that high-body-count movies, television violence (both news and entertainment), and interactive point-and-shoot video games are dangerously similar to thetraining programs that dehumanize the enemy, desensitize soldiers to the psychological ramifications of killing, and make pulling the trigger an automatic response.


Product details

  • Paperback: 400 pages
  • Publisher: Back Bay Books; 1st edition (1 Nov 1996)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 0316330116
  • ISBN-13: 978-0316330114
  • Product Dimensions: 20.8 x 14.2 x 3.3 cm
  • Average Customer Review: 4.3 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (20 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Bestsellers Rank: 529,609 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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Product Description

Book Description

An updated edition of a perennial bestseller - the "illuminating account of how soldiers learn to kill and how they live with the experience of having killed." - Washington Post --This text refers to an alternate Paperback edition.

From the Author

The PAWNS know the TRUTH about the GAME, this is THEIR tale.
If you are a virgin preparing for your wedding night, or if you or your partner are having sexual difficulties, or if you are just curious ... then there are hundreds of scholarly books on the topic of sexuality available to you. But if you are a young (virgin) soldier or law enforcement officer anticipating your baptism of fire, or if you are a veteran (or the spouse of a veteran) who is troubled by killing experiences, or if you are just curious ... then, on this topic, there has been absolutely nothing available in the way of scholarly study or writing. Until now...

Review and comments on On Killing by Lt. Col. Dave Grossman:

...well written on a subject that has never before, to my knowledge, been drafted for public consumption.
General W.C. Westmoreland

...illuminating account of how soldiers learn to kill and how they live with the experience of having killed...This book concludes with an impassioned plea for regulating media violence through social censure and pressure. This surely, is a sensible and welcome recommendation.
Washington Post

An excellent book.
Dr. Joyce Brothers, in her nationally syndicated column

An important book that should be read by anyone in the profession of arms and by anyone concerned about violence in our Nation.
Marine Corps Gazette

On Killing is destined to become a classic.
Army (Journal of the Association of the U.S Army)

A tremendous book.
Peace Magazine

...both disturbing and oddly reassuring ... a valuable contribution, full of arresting observations and insights of the sort that make you alter the way you have thought about certain subjects, most notably the nature of battle and the dramatic rise in the murder rate that has taken place in the United States in the last two decades...powerful...persuasive...incisive...Grossmans case is too carefully presented, too well grounded in actual observations, not to be taken seriously.
New York Times

...a provocative look at how and why we kill...One can only hope On Killing has not arrived too late.
Stars and Stripes

...truly revolutionary.
Dr. Eduardo D. Faingold, Argentine and Israeli combat veteran,Assistant Professor of Spanish, Dept. of Languages, University of Tulsa

I want to congratulate you on your book. It is important both as research and as an argument for acknowledging the violence in our society and its roots.
George Levenson, Ph.D., Director of Informed Democracy

Colonel Grossman¹s perceptive study ends with a profoundly troubling observation. The desensitizing techniques used to train soldiers are now found in mass media -- films, television, video arcades -- and are conditioning our children. His figures on youthful homicides strongly suggest the breeding of teenage Rambos.
William Manchester, author and WWII vet

MAGNIFICENT!
Paddy Griffith, Sandhurst history professor and author of Battle Tactics of the American Civil War and Forward into Battle.

...brilliant...a fine and necessary piece of work.
Arthur Hadley, author of Straw Giant

...a splendid book...it establishes a new line of scholarly inquiry, which is a remarkable achievement.
Bill Lind, author of The Maneuver Warfare Handbook, Free Congress Foundation Fellow, and co-host of Modern War (a national cable TV show)

I enjoyed (if that is the right word to use) On Killing enormously, congratulations on a fine piece of work.
Richard Holmes, author of Acts of War and Sandhurst History Professor

...honest, gutsy, patient disclosure of what¹s happening to our military kids -- and civilian kids as well.
F. Andy Carhartt, West Point class of Œ45, Presbyterian minister

It is very good, thoughtful and helpful on a subject of great importance. Humanistic and pacifistic in the way of the best soldiers.
Dr. Ted Nadelson, Chief of Psychiatry, Boston VA Medical Center.

...my deep appreciation for your book...because it said so many things I had felt were probably so, and because, also, it said so many new things.
Dr. Lloyd Gardner, the Charles and Mary Beard Professor at Rutgers

...this systematic examination of the individual soldier¹s behavior, like all good scientific theory making, leads to a series of useful explanations for a variety of phenomena...This important book deserves a wide readership. Essential for all libraries serving military personnel or veterans, including most public libraries.
Library Journal, Starred Review

...a provocative new book...the first scientific examination of how and why men kill in battle.
Little Rock Arkansas Democrat-Gazette

...an explosive look at why there is so much killing not just in wars but in modern society...it is a must read. I recommend it highly. His research...is frightening, and should be a wake-up call to society. I couldn¹t put it down.
Walt Gochenour, WWII vet, in 82d Airborne Division Association Journal

A study of relevance to a society of escalating violence.
Publishers Weekly

...excellent explications of what goes through a soldier¹s mind during war.
Portland Oregonian

I congratulate you on writing an important book which I find very helpful in understanding the human condition. Indeed, it serves to greatly increase my belief in the basic goodness of my fellow man.
Ladislav R. Hanka

I am thankful for work like yours which promotes the slow but very sure process of maturation which I see occurring in the collective human race.
Alison Wilson, Ontario, Canada

I very much appreciate your challenging and perceptive look at warfare and the act of killing. You are right that it is a taboo topic in our culture. As a long time antiwar activist it was palpably painful to read; never-the-less I valued the information and discussions.
Gregory W. Frux, Brooklyn, NY

On Killing may be the On War of the 21st Century.
Michael Anton Laurano, Attorney at Law, Boston, Massachutetts

My sincere congratulations on your extremely interesting book. Besides the subject itself with all its implications for civil society and military establishments, my wife and I were most impressed with your balanced and broad presentation. The fact that a professional military can write for the widest spectrum of political and moral persuasions with conviction and tolerance speaks highly of your intellectual and human qualities...It is a fact that all the modern media everywhere, but particularly those in the Latin American subcontinents, are under the good and bad influence of the American products for the movies, TV, video games, etc. Even though the local levels of violence do not reach yet those prevailing in the worse derelict areas of large American cities, the trend is clear and points in the same direction. We hope that a translation of your book will soon be available for the benefit of Spanish speaking readers.
Herman Schwember, PhD, writing from Chile

My deepest congratulations on what I believe to be an extremely important book. I salute your bravery, courage and insight. Your work is indispensable for our future.
Bob Hughes, Chevy Chase, MD

Thanks for writing On Killing and being so straightforward in stating your case. It is a compelling, profoundly moving book. I am recommending it to my friends and at all my speaking engagements. Also, my sons, now 13 and 15, will be encouraged to read it as they get into their later teens and tackle coming-of-age personal issues.And thank you for caring and compassion. You may be a trained killer, but your life journey has crafted you into a warrior with heart -- the kind of male hero we need a lot more of in our society.
Gloria DeGaetano, National Speaker and Expert on Media Literacy,Author of Screen Smarts


For Further Information or Speaking EngagementsContact Colonel Grossman at:
The Killology Institute
END


Inside This Book (Learn More)
First Sentence
One of the roots of our misunderstanding of the psychology of the battlefield lies in the misapplication of the fight-or-fight model to the stresses of the battlefield. Read the first page
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Customer Reviews

Most Helpful Customer Reviews
30 of 33 people found the following review helpful
3.0 out of 5 stars Interesting but poor analysis. 4 May 2010
Format:Paperback
Grossman has a lot of interesting things to say about the psychology of soldiers in battle, but he lets himself down time and time again with poor analysis of the facts he uses.

Colonel Grossman has a list of military credentials but he has never been in the position of having to kill an enemy. Whilst this puts him in the same position as the vast majority of other authors, it does rather make his military background less relevant in a book that is primarily concerned with the psychological effects of killing.

Another credential that he very frequently mentions is that his books are read at military colleges and the like. The impression is therefore that these organisations agree with his analysis, which is not so; von Clausewitz is as widely read but his writings are acknowledged to be flawed by an unavoidable anachronistic thinking. Grossman provides argument and food for thought, but he is by no means as authoritative in the field as he would like you to believe.

So, his credentials aside, what does the book deal with? It covers the effects that warfare and killing have on individuals quite well, and is worth buying and reading for that alone. What is not so valuable, however, is his obsession with trying to prove that humans are very reluctant to kill. It is not so much the conclusion as the way he tries to use the facts to support his own argument; a few examples are trying to show that the use of the pike was because it was psychologially easier to kill with a longer weapon, interpreting the lack of bayonet wounds after a battle as evidence that the soldiers refused to use them aggressively, and using Marshall's long-discredited data about the low percentage of soldiers firing at the enemy in WWII to try to prove that the rest simply refused to do so out of a reluctance to kill.

All the data has been peremptorily analysed to show his own conclusion, yet no further or deeper study has been made; he doesn't look at the benefit of the pike against lance-armed cavalry or polearm-armed infantry, he doesn't mention that a bayonet charge would, more often than not, drive the enemy away in a rout rather than facing it, and he doesn't give space to any analysis of why only a small percentage of WWII soldiers were actually in a position to fire on the enemy.

The academically flawed and sometimes contradictory conclusions do not make this book a worthless study by any means, but I would advise the reader to think beyond what Grossman presents as his interpretations of the data involved.

A worthwhile read and certainly a must for any serious student of the field, but not to be swallowed whole.
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29 of 33 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Combat is not like the movies! 9 Oct 2004
Format:Paperback
To read Grossman's gripping study of killing in a military environment requires a degree of courage from the readers. In fact, those Vietnam colleagues who are not travelling well may be better off not reading this book for it peels back the psychological layers of training to kill, and then the guilt that has been generated from being part of the harvesting of the body count. Importantly, the author recognises that Vietnam was different, for a variety of reasons, to any other war that we have fought.

Grossman has impeccable credentials. He rose from the rank of private to lieutenant colonel and served in the 82nd Airborne, 7th Infantry Division and the U.S. Rangers and as a psychology professor at West Point.

After the Second World War, the British and Americans studied the phenomenon of non-firers. American studies confirmed that in battles on 15-20% of the troops fired to kill. In some situations where several riflemen were together firing at the enemy, others in the group would take on supporting roles (getting ammunition, tending the wounded etc.). There was a conspiracy of silence over the non-firers and those involved in a conspiracy to miss, even when their lives were endangered. The British confirmed that among the Argentinean troops in the Falklands, there was a similar rate of non-firers.

However, by the time of the Vietnam War, training techniques had been changed and the firing rates were around 95%. Herein lies the root of the problem. As a result of the non-firers, training methods were re-designed to remove the moral dilemma of taking human lives. Recruits were trained to shoot body shaped targets, not bullseyes and recruits were rewarded for "kills". At Puckapunyal (Recruit Training, Australia), recruits for Vietnam were instructed to aim for the chest, so if the enemy doesn't die they become a burden for their medical support teams. Bayonet training, which had probably remained unchanged for over 100 years, was designed to massively damage the enemy soldier's abdominal-thoracic region with a steel instrument possessing two specifically designed blood grooves. And, as the RDI said, "If you are unlucky enough to bayonet the enemy in the head and can't get your bayonet out, discharge a round and it should split the head open." In, out, on guard! Kill, kill! The NCOs and officers job in combat remains to get the troops to kill. I cannot agree with Grossman's observation that British officers do their jobs better because of the class distinction between themselves and their men, which allowed them to make more objective decisions (p. 168). The "fragging" phenomenon in Vietnam occurred because of this perceived indifference to the suffering of the troops.

Killing another human being is not a natural act, contrary to what the movies would have us believe. Grossman argued that only 2% of the troops are natural killers (psychopaths/sociopaths), the others need a variety of support strategies to overcome the feeling of guilt that eventually emerge. Perhaps a strongpoint of this book is the excellent diagrams, which capture the essence of key points in this treatise. The diagram showing the predisposition to kill (p.188) is a good example of Grossman's clarity of thought. He shows that the demands of authority, training and conditioning, experience, target attractiveness and group support all come into play before the trigger is pulled.

So, what made Vietnam different to previous and subsequent wars? Firstly, the training was different and the re-socialisation of recruits, particularly those conscripted into the military, was designed to make certain that the troops would kill. The troop rotations generally had new members of units arriving and leaving as individuals, thus denying them the support and absolutions for what they had taken part in. Thirdly, there was no safe rear area and troops had to be battle ready always. The Swank and Marchand research of 1946 showed that after 25 days troops suffered combat exhaustion, with a reduction in their effectiveness and ending after 50 days in a vegetative phase. Fourthly, the lack of support from the home communities turned many Vietnam veterans into pariahs and it took over a decade to begin this dreadful oversight. As a result, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) manifested itself in many returning troops who often left Vietnam and were expected to be civilians again within 12 hours. It was interesting that the British sent troops home from the Falklands by boat to overcome this specific problem.

For me, this book was an interesting read, but importantly it made me understand myself a little better.

Neil MacNeill, 31 Charlie.

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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful
Format:Paperback|Amazon Verified Purchase
In an accessible and readable style, Col. Grossman argues counter-intuitively that, contrary to what history seems to show (the many millions killed in the many, many wars) and the extensive body of fiction depicting people carelessly accumulating sometimes extraordinarily large bodycounts, human beings are actually genetically inhibited from destroying fellow members of our species. The history of war is really the history of overcoming that genetic 'safety catch' through various 'enablers'--physical and/or psychological distance, authority, etc.

Granted, Col. Grossman presents arguments rather than hard science; however, his arguments and interpretation of many factual examples are persuasive, and I continually find further examples from news reports and historical records supporting his contentions. E.g. Brigadier Michael Calvert describes in his memoir Fighting Mad: One Man's Guerrilla War (p.100-3) being forced to kill a Japanese in hand-to-hand combat; in contrast to casually ordering his men to deal with the remaining Japanese (culminating in the death of all twenty), he has a strong reaction to this one killing, being 'violently sick', and he 'had never felt so wretched before' and how he 'felt like a murderer that afternoon over that particular Jap. Even now, so many years afterwards, the memory of it is too clear and comes back to me too often.'

Col. Grossman goes beyond the mechanics of killing to describe its 'psychological costs'; contrasting the reception given to the returning veterans of WW2 with that for Vietnam's veterans, he argues that Society's acceptance of its part in the killing ensured low psychological casualties in one war, whilst Society's rejection of their soldiers in another led to much higher numbers. And now our own soldiers are welcomed home with 'Not In Our Name' banners and worse--and I read that many of our soldiers suffer PTSD; I have read accounts of Bomber Command veterans, after decades of maintaining a 'stiff upper lip', now also complaining of PTSD--I am persuaded that this arises from British Society, after decades of glamourising the 'boys in blue', increasingly rejecting them and calling their missions 'mass-murder'.

Sadurian Mike's review is negative, but also problematic. He writes that '[Grossman] doesn't mention that a bayonet charge would, more often than not, drive the enemy away in a rout rather than facing it' but Col. Grossman does: (p.122) 'Thus in bayonet charges one side or the other invariably flees before the actual crossing of bayonets occur.'; p.125: 'Soldiers who would bravely face a hail of bullets will consistently flee before a determined individual with cold steel in his hands.'; p.126: 'In the modern bayonet charge one side or the other usually breaks and runs before they meet'; etc. Whether S.L.A. Marshall's findings are 'long discredited' is debatable; Col. Grossman offers rebuttal in his introduction, noting the considerable evidence lending weight to Marshall's general thesis (albeit his finding that only 15-20% of soldiers behaved appropriately aggressively is likely exaggerated). Col. Grossman also candidly confesses that his impressive credentials do not include actual combat. As for Col. Grossman 'very frequently mention[ing] is that his books are read at military colleges and the like', I cannot find even one claim in the book that it is read at any official institution.

(Also recommended is hunting out Grub Smith's very interesting documentary, 'The Truth About Killing', featuring Col. Grossman and various academics arriving at similar conclusions to him. Unfortunately, this is currently unavailable in DVD.)
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Most Recent Customer Reviews
5.0 out of 5 stars Very interesting
An interesting study on what it takes to turn ordinary men into military killers, although the author does touch on how even the efficient, modern training methods can fail. Read more
Published 23 days ago by Desmond HISLOP
1.0 out of 5 stars Specious and Fallacious
I bought this book hoping for an accurate look at the psychology of violence - however, it was literally saturated with specious points based on utterly fallacious arguments. Read more
Published 10 months ago by MaxG
4.0 out of 5 stars Good book
Many interesting ideas from the psychological point of view about killing and learning to kill. Also good book for all soldiers and they trainers how to control your mind in the... Read more
Published 15 months ago by Juha Jormakka
4.0 out of 5 stars Good reading, but keep a open mind.
This is a good read, packed with snippets of previous third party research. Some I have read before and some I haven't. Read more
Published on 11 Oct 2009 by R. M. Hammond
3.0 out of 5 stars Nice try but wide of the mark
Although one must laud the author for his efforts to bring to light such a murky and unpleasant topic, his methods are unscientific and arguements unsound. Read more
Published on 25 Nov 2008 by D McC
5.0 out of 5 stars Uncommon sense
The book starts with the surprising observation that only 15-20% of infantry soldiers in World War 2 actually fired their rifles. Read more
Published on 18 Mar 2008 by Youngs
4.0 out of 5 stars Fascinating
This is a engrossing book about what actually happens in combat, and how it affects the killer. I was a little hesitant in buying this, after all, what sort of weirdo wants to... Read more
Published on 5 Sep 2006 by Arheddis Varkenjaab
5.0 out of 5 stars A Study of "Killology"
On Killing is a "must read" for all combat soldiers! Will I be able and willing to kill in combat? If and when I do, what are the short and long term psychological... Read more
Published on 20 July 2006 by Steen Lykke Laursen
5.0 out of 5 stars Daring and insightful
A professional "killer" (ex army officer) that argues that contemporary western man is strongly inclined not to kill not even when in danger may sound like a paradox. Read more
Published on 18 April 2005 by Dimitrios Taros
3.0 out of 5 stars Interesting, but not presented well
This is an extremely interesting book and well worth reading. It contains thought-provoking insights on the business of intra-specific killing where humans are concerned, both in... Read more
Published on 19 May 2004
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