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Shiller credits an unprecedented confluence of events with driving stocks to uncharted heights. He analyzes the structural and psychological factors that explain why the Dow Jones Industrial Average tripled between 1994 and 1999, a level of growth not reflected in any other sector of the economy. In contrast to many analysts, Shiller stresses circumstances that alter investors' perceptions of the market. These include the entry of the Internet into American homes, the misimpression that the aging of the baby-boom generation builds long-term protection into the market, and herd behavior, such as day-trading. He also examines cultural factors, including sports-style media coverage of the Dow's ups and downs and "new era" thinking about the economy. He considers - and challenges - efforts to rationalize exuberance that are based on either efficient-markets theory, narrowly construed, or the claim that investors have only recently learned the true value of the market.
Irrational Exuberance is a must-listen for individual investors as well as investment professionals, pension-plan sponsors, and endowment managers everywhere. It will be studied by policy makers and anyone from Wall Street to Main Street who doesn't want to be caught sitting on the speculative bubble if (or when) it bursts.
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Robert Shiller begins his look at irrational exuberance in financial markets by outlining the evidence, which he finds convincing, that the current level of stock markets (even allowing for the poor performance during the year 2000) is far above that which is reasonable or rational.
He argues that this behaviour can be explained by 12 factors which are examined in the subsequent chapters. These are a mixture of common perceptions which drive markets higher than the underlying facts justify (role of internet, baby boom, expansion of defined contribution pension schemes, decline of economic rivals, cultural change favouring business, Republican congress, growth of mutual funds), cultural and psychological factors which have affected investor behaviour (expanded media reporting, optimistic forecasts of analysts, rise of gambling opportunities) and feedback mechanisms. The detailed analysis which follows explains convincingly how bubbles emerge through feedback effects (feeding upon themselves driving markets upwards or down). It also discusses the role of the media (which ultimatley Shiller regards as having at best a short-term influence on market behaviour), the psychology of the investor (for me the least convincing part of the book) and an interesting chapter discussing the arguments of efficient market theorists and their attempts to justify current stock market levels with reference to dividend values (since they are so clearly at variance with price earnings ratios).
Finally Shiller concludes with his recommendations to overcome the irrationality of markets. Paradoxically, these mean an expansion of the role of the market through the commodification of more risks and the action of investors to spread their risks beyond the stock market.
Robert J. Shiller's book is a great introduction for those interested in the history and causes of financial exuberance. While you may not agree with his conculsions and proposals, the preceding examination of the various causes seems comprehensive and is lucidly explained. Of particular interest are the chapters discussing feedback mechanisms and how financial bubbles are inflated What this section lacks, perhaps because no one has found the answer, is a description of what causes the feedback loop to breakdown and the bubble to deflate. In summary I consider this to be a worthwhile addition to the literature on financial markets and how they can go wrong.
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