Jas Elsner divides his text by topics, (1) images used to clarify imperial power, (2) and images defining family life, social status, and death. He explains the political and social importance of sculptures and images in representing the power and presence of both deities and emperors, stating that images were understood to, "have the same meaning as the gods themselves." "To behave incorrectly before a statue imbued with this kind of sanctity, or even to bring a coin with the imperial image on it into an inappropriate place, was dangerous." In his description of a marble portrait of Commodus (191-192 CE), Elsner poses the question, is Commodus dressed as Hercules, or is Hercules now embodied in Commodus?
For Elsner, the first Christian millennium is not viewed in light of Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall, but as a significant transition with important roots established in antiquity. He presents the transition from Augustus and Trajan to sixth century Christianity in Ravenna as part of the "constant process of conserving, restoring, and adding to earlier art . . . an affirmation of continuity and an authorization of status." Elsner handles the transition from the earlier close attention to realism in favor of a more abstract, hieratic, and iconic emphasis as simply a means for artists to signify the social and political changes that emerged from the adoption of Christianity as the official cult. For example, he describes the portrait of Theodosius on the silver missorium (388 CE) as a, "truly magnificent example of such sanctified splendor. . . This image combines the emperor's sacred isolation with a symbolic portrayal of his social world."
Without any comparison to the aesthetic quality seen in first century relief carvings, Elsner describes characteristics such as the use of halos and the scale of primary image in dominating the visual field in giving us an, "insight into how the state wished its rulers to be seen and how changes in time - social, ideological, intellectual - effected quite significant changes in the forms, appearances, and styles of such self-presentations." Elsner's approach is strongly supported by the descriptions and comments he has included from contemporary writings.
The book was published a part of the Oxford History of Art on acid free paper. It is smartly reasoned and gorgeously illustrated. I was thrilled that the Amazon Marketplace was able to locate a copy for me.