The 3rd volume of Alfred Cobban's magisterial story of modern France is mainly the story of France's IIIrd republic.
The 3rd republic saw the victory of the republicans over the monarchists and the Church, confirmed by the election of 1877.
The whole 'noblesse' had become practising catholics because it identified the Church as the protector of the interests of birth, wealth and social status. Republicanism was now solidly anti-clerical, with a secret society (Freemasonry) exercizing considerable political influence.
The battle of the Church and the State mainly ended with the law of Separation voted in 1905.
Being republican, France still remained highly conservative at the end of the 19th century with nearly half the labour engaged in agriculture and half the population living in small communes. Political dominant were the small peasants who were opposed to social reform.
The greatness of the 3rd republic in the 19th century was represented by arts (Rodin, impressionism, literature) and science (Pasteur).
The 3rd republic survived the horrendous battles of World War I, but it took France a generation to recover from the onslaught.
After the war, the labour movement became stronger, but internecine wars caused a split of the left in mainly three parties: Radicals, Socialists and Communists. The division of the left caused great political instability. And even when the left won the elections, the real power in France remained in the hands of the industry, finance, the professions and the administration, who opposed social reforms and taxes.
The Popular Front under Leon Blum could force a breakthrough in 1936.
But a new European disaster followed: WW II. In 1940, France was again humiliatingly defeated by the Germans. Those installed a puppet regime in Vichy with the support of the Church. The State was organized on a corporatist basis.
The end of the war sealed the end of the 3rd republic with the referendum of 1945.
A strong man, General de Gaulle, made France a free, united and independent state by containing the victors of WW II, the communists.
Another man with a vision was Robert Schuman, who stood at the birth of the European Union with his Coal and Steel Plan.
Alfred Cobban ends his masterly summary with France entangled, politically, in the Algerian question and, economically, in huge inflation.
This book reads like a thriller and is highly recommended, not only for historians.