This lucid, compelling and elegant book is yet another tour de force from Kotter, a long-standing Professor at Harvard Business School and a leading authority on the subject of business leadership. His inspiration for A Force for Change came, he tells us, from his research for a previous book, The Leadership Factor, during which he became convinced of the importance of the difference between management and leadership, and of the fact that this difference was badly understood by many business people. Kotter is scientific in his methods: he surveyed 200 senior executives working for twelve of American's most successful corporations and then talked in detail to individuals who offered specific instances of highly effective business leadership. Kotter, to labour the point, is not making this stuff up.
Management, says Kotter, in a typically telling phrase, is all about homeostasis: it aims to keep a system functioning at maximum efficiency by keeping critical variables within increasingly tightly-defined limits. Management requires consistent results; it hates surprises; it takes no risks; it does not seek excitement. Leadership, of course, is the opposite. Leadership produces change. That is its primary function. By definition, change is risky. Leaders need a vision of the (perhaps distant) future. They must, according to Kotter, 'align' their teams with the direction in which the leader wants to move. Getting everybody aligned with this direction is not, he argues, an organisational problem, as many people imagine it to be - it is an inspirational problem, and people cannot be genuinely inspired by the techniques that are used (quite successfully) to achieve a typical 'managerial' result. Leaders must appeal to fundamental human needs on a more emotional level: achievement; belonging; recognition; self-esteem; living up to one's ideals.
Kotter also reminds us that organisations need both good leadership and good management - organisations with too much leadership (he cites entrepreneurial start-ups as a good example) can begin to unravel as the lack of structure and control systems begins to impact on the essential delivery of timely and consistent results. Organisations that are over-managed begin to implode under the weight of their own control systems. Despite the striking differences between the skills and attitudes needed by leaders and managers respectively, Kotter argues that we need to develop a breed of `leader-managers'. He does not underestimate the challenge that this represents.
A Force for Change is liberally illustrated with accounts of the actions of the business leaders who were selected as shining examples of highly effective leadership, and of the results that they achieved for their organisations. A book that is hard to fault - and highly readable.