In FEMININE ENDINGS: MUSIC, GENDER, AND SEXUALITY, Susan McClary applies the insightful and provocative approach to music and its meanings that has made her one of the most widely read music scholars of the twentieth century, and for which she earned the prestigious MacArthur Award in 1995. McClary argues that music, being a fundamentally social phenomenon, constitutes a particular mode of social discourse. Music can articulate social meanings in various ways, and like any semiotic system it uses a defined, yet flexible, repertory of codes -- gestures, rhetorical devices, narrative strategies, associations with and allusions to extra-muical events or phenomena, and so on. While this would seem obvious to anyone who has ever heard a horn call, a funeral dirge, a national anthem, or a distinctive bolero, scholarly writing on music has until recently been reluctant to assess critically how meanings are inscribed, circulated, and mediated through musical practices. As McClary explains, the process by which musical sounds, phrases, and gestures assume meanings is complex and is open to modification, challenge, and redefinition. Therefore, critics who portray McClary's rich hermeneutic interventions as reductive or essentialist grossly misrepresent her line of argument. For as she demonstrates, there is nothing essential about musical meanings -- they are subject to the contingencies of time and place; they are shaped by contemporary social and historical realities; and they rely upon the formal and stylistic conventions specific to the musical traditions in which they participate. McClary brings these factors to bear on musical practices, and in so doing she engages music to perform a powerful cultural critique.