Doctor Who: The Unfolding Text (Communications & culture) [Paperback]

'Doctor Who - the Unfolding Text' has the distinction of being one of the few cultural studies books actually quoted in the series it purports to explore (the story 'Dragonfire').

Unfortunately it's not very good.

Tulloch and Alvarado set out to demonstrate that 'Doctor Who' is a series which gradually 'unfolds', growing in sophistication and laying bare its inner workings. They also claim that it does so in stages corresponding to different eras in the show's 'production history' and which are distinguished by different 'authorial signatures' of each successive production team.

However they fail to demonstrate either claim.

Their main problem is that in order to establish that the show is increasing in complexity and that different periods of 'Who' history actually have these 'authorial signatures' it is necessary to examine these different eras according to the same criteria - otherwise the comparisons are as meaningless as comparing the *color* of an orange with the *shape* of a banana. But this book examines each era according to a different theoretical model, rendering any comparison meaningless.

Instead Tulloch and Alvarado merely prove the charge that David Bordwell made in 'Making Meaning: Inference and Rhetoric in the Interpretation of Cinema': that 'meaning' is an artefact of the method of analysis.

For instance, Tulloch and Alvarado analyse the Jon Pertwee stories of the early Seventies (produced by Barry Letts and script edited by Terrence Dicks) through the prism of Barthesian semiotics and 'discover' that the stories can be broken down into series of binary oppositions. This is hardly surprising as reducing texts to binary oppositions is precisely what Barthesian semiotics does.

They then examine the early Tom Baker stories (produced by Philip Hinchcliffe, script edited by Robert Holmes) according to the richer theoretical frameworks of Sigmund Freud and Tzvetan Todorov to `discover' that these stories explore aspects of the Uncanny (Freud) or the Fantastic (Todorov). Again, this `discovery' is simply an artefact of the method of analysis.

After this they invoke intertextuality and Bertolt Brecht's theories of estrangement to explore the metafictional or parodic aspects of the Graham Willliams produced stories of the later Baker period to discover that - yes - these stories are estranging, metafictional and parodic.

By the time Tulloch and Alvarado move on to the John-Nathan Turner produced stories of the 1980s the theoretical framework has moved on to the even more complex theories of Michel de Certeau.

Each of these theoretical frameworks is more complex than the previous one and not surprisingly gives rise richer interpretations, interpretations which are *entirely the product* of the theoretical frameworks which gave rise to them.

The application of these theoretical frameworks to different eras is also entirely arbitrary.

For instance, Tulloch and Alvarado justify the application of Freudian and Todorovian analysis to the Hinchcliffe era by claiming that the era is characterised by an emphasis on `doppelgangers' - but is this a true?

Certainly doppelgangers appear in 'Terror of the Zygons', 'The Android Invasion' and 'The Face of Evil' - but the theme had earlier been explored in 'The Chase' and 'The Massacre' during the William Hartnell era; 'Enemy of the World' during Patrick Troughton's run; and 'Spearhead from Space', 'Inferno' and 'The Axons' during Jon Pertwee's term. The theme recurred after Graham Williams took over from Hinchcliffe in 'Horror of Fang Rock', 'The Invisible Enemy' and `The Androids of Tara' and again in John Nathan-Turner's run with 'Meglos', 'Arc of Infinity' and 'The Caves of Androzani'.

Even if we extend the concept of the doppelganger to characters who do not physically resemble the Doctor but can be seen as representing an exteriorization of his evil side, surely the Meddling Monk, the war Chief and - most significantly - the Master are better examples than Davros or Weng-Chiang?

The doppelganger is in no way a defining feature of the Hinchcliffe era.

It would therefore be just as valid to examine (say) the Pertwee era in terms of the Uncanny/Fantastic. Indeed if we accept Freud's idea that it is the repression of fears and desires that causes the uncanny effect and that 'dream work' involves the disguising of these fears and desires then the early Pertwee's - widely regarded as representing a 'realistic' approach to the programme - would provide richer pickings for analysis.

It would also be easy to explore early William Hartnell stories such as 'The Romans' through the lens of intertextuality; while the stories of the Williams era can be broken down into simplistic binary oppositions just as easily as any other. (In fact this latter was done in an earlier article by John Fiske, an article Tulloch and Alvarado criticise for just such a simplistic approach.)

Tulloch and Alvarado's emphasis on `authorial signatures' is a welcome departure from Cultural Studies' anti-humanist denal of agency in cultural production and they make some effort to prop up their arguments by employing interviews with individual production teams. However they ignore what is said when it does not fit their interpretation. Douglas Adams' complaints about the acting style employed by some of those performing his scripts, for instance, his denial that he was parodying the genre (`I hate that term `tongue-in-cheek because it means you are not trying') and his criticism of the *lack* of realism in the JN-T era point to someone at odds with Tulloch and Alvarado's characterisation.

I'm not denying that there are differences in approaches that production teams took, nor am I denying that the programme evolved in sophistication (in some ways). My claim is that Tulloch and Alvarado fail to demonstrate that the programme developed in the teleological way that they claim it did.

And unfortunately the influence that this book had on fandom is all to apparent in the kinds of fanboy posturing that we see in the internal disputes that rack fandom from time to time.

This book shows the influence of Gothic Romantic, Metafiction, and Buddhism on Dr Who. It also shows an argument between the Late Douglas Adams and the late John Nathan-Turner. The argument from JNT was that Douglas Adams was spoofing Dr Who whilst the comeback from Adams was that he was spoofing the "Aliens take over the universe" cliche. However, what comes through from Adams is his inability to understand why many people crave power.