G. Edward White, a professor of law at the University of Virginia, draws together seven major threads to craft a useful explanation of how, as the subtitle states, "Baseball Transforms Itself, 1903-1953." Basically this is a book of essays, one each on (1) the ballparks; (2) gambling, the "Black Sox" scandal, and the appointment of a commissioner; (3) the Negro Leagues; (4) night baseball; (5) baseball journalism; (6) baseball on the radio; and (7) ethnicity and baseball. These chapters are self-contained and offer interesting perspectives on MLB. Two overview chapters dealing with MLB during the first half of the twentieth century, and a conclusion on the decline of the national pastime, complete the book.
White asserts that baseball emerged from lower class roots in the nineteenth century to become the centerpiece of sport by a new leisure class. There are important reasons for this, he believes, and so these essays probe them. As might be expected of a law professor, White finds the strength of MLB's emergence resting on legal frameworks. The game itself was contradictory to industrial America of the early twentieth century and it had to erect legal bulwarks to thrive. The courts allowed these, even encouraged them. The reserve clause, binding a player to a team even if no valid contract had been signed, was clearly a legal structure controlling both players and the market. Franchise rights to territories, radio broadcast conventions, the anti-trust exemption that MLB still enjoys, the prohibition on African American players, owners' abilities to blacklist players and control virtually every other aspect of their business situation, and after 1920 the all-powerful commissioner all served to create a stable business environment that, as long as it remained in place, allowed MLB to thrive.
So consumed with the nostalgia that they used to gain these advantages, MLB owners eventually came to believe it themselves and their positions ossified on virtually every issue. They resisted change of any type and successful innovations such as night baseball and broadcast over the radio proved difficult to implement. White is at his best when analyzing race and ethnicity in MLB, and his chapters on the Negro Leagues and on ethnicity, revolving around Hank Greenburg and Joe DiMaggio, is among the best in the book. The decline of MLB in the 1950s and 1960s is poignantly described as the pastoral setting so carefully created by the owners, with lots of help from politicians, writers, and others, came crashing down and the realities of the modern world intruded on the diamond in ways not seen before. "Creating the National Pastime" is an interesting and somewhat idiosyncratic work, but one of great substance and insight.