An ever expanding literature exists, critical of the role of counselling and psychotherapy in contemporary capitalist societies. In 'Constructing the Self, Constructing America' Philip Cushman makes an erudite and novel contribution to this critique through a cultural history that charts the emergence of psychotherapy in modern America. If history is concerned with making an argument based on an interpretation of the evidence, Cushman's argument is compelling. It is that the values, assumptions and eventual hegemony of American individualism and capitalism are responsible for unacceptable levels of socially induced misery. In response, psychotherapy emerged as a culturally determined healing profession, designed to treat the misery, and indirectly maintain a damaging status quo by screening out the historical, moral and political dimensions of anguish and despair.
Philip Cushman's scholarship in history, philosophy, psychology and psychotherapy combined with his eloquence and deep humanity make this an accessible and engaging read. Indeed, all psychotherapists should read this book - but they wont. It's argument is too persuasive; its truth too difficult to contest. My only criticism is its recommendation of yet another approach to psychotherapy, this one grounded on hermeneutics. Capitalism has already dug a very deep hole for humanity, aided and abetted by the existence of psychological therapies. However informative hermeneutics may be Dr. Cushman, when you're in a hole you really do have to stop digging - and start learning how to make ladders, through the creation of a culture of care.
Chris Willoughby. Letchworth Garden City, UK.