The Editor, T J Winter is a believing Muslim, a convert to Islam indeed! However, he does not allow that to interfere with his job as a scholar and manages to bring together a good collection of insightful, neatly written essays. Mr. Winter's introductory essay is outstanding, it serves as a good starting point to figure out what "theology" means in an Islamic context. The term rightly arouses the fury of the hardcore dogma police, they say Allah (swt), in his majesty and prescience, set out all knowledge in the Holy Qur'an. Therefore idle conjecture of fallible men have no place as part of the religious discourse of the pious.
Ignaz Goldziher (the godfather of Western Islamology) once said that Prophets are not theologians, their utterings are sourced from the sudden feverish sparks of spiritual yearning. Accordingly, Prophets do not need an army of theologians and intellectuals to come along afterwards and clean up, clarifying concepts, creating dogmas and reconciling seeming 'contradictions' that Muhammad would have had no qualms with. Theologians often serve as somewhat pathetic apologists who would earn the contempt of the strident no-nonsense founders of religions, especially those in 7th Century Arabia; no-nonsense warriors with a surprisingly candid love of captured booty and slave girls. Muhammad hated theology, the tafsir to Surah Ikhlas aptly shows his sheer contempt for specualative reasoning about God which he felt had lead the Christians astray. Muhammad opted for the simple formula of God's unspeakable transendence.
Allowing the above, human beings are rational in the end, they want their religion to make sense, at least on a basic level. Poeple hate the cacophonous clutter of ad-hoc 'inspiration.' They want neat conceptual boundaries. This need is no different in Islam, as demonstrated by the essay by Khalid Blankmanship (chapter 1 of this book). Mr. Blankmanship shows how the early sects struggled with stuff like free-will and pre-determination, whether an evil act renders one a 'kafir' or whether ultimate judgments are deferred until the hearafter. These topics beging to form cleavages that slowly emerge through the centuries. In the end there is a hotch-potch of sects, groups and sub-groups, which to this day are often at each other's throats.
I have to say, some of the essays in this book are just pious rubbish written by starry-eyed believers, but the majority are very good, eminently readable stuff. I would highly recommend this to non-religious people interested in a serious book about Islam.