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1421 : The Year China Discovered the World [Paperback]

Gavin Menzies
3.5 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (93 customer reviews)
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Book Description

1 Mar 2003 0553815229 978-0553815221 Bantam New Edition

On 8 March 1421, the largest fleet the world had ever seen set sail from China. The ships, some nearly five hundred feet long, were under the command of Emperor Zhu Di's loyal eunuch admirals. Their mission was 'to proceed all the way to the end of the earth to collect tribute from the barbarians beyond the seas' and unite the world in Confucian harmony.

Their journey would last for over two years and take them around the globe but by the time they returned home, China was beginning its long, self-imposed isolation from the world it had so recently embraced. And so the great ships were left to rot and the records of their journey were destroyed. And with them, the knowledge that the Chinese had circumnavigated the globe a century before Magellan, reached America seventy years before Columbus, and Australia three hundred and fifty years before Cook...

The result of fifteen years research, 1421 is Gavin Menzies' enthralling account of the voyage of the Chinese fleet, the remarkable discoveries he made and the persuasive evidence to support them: ancient maps, precise navigational knowledge, astronomy and the surviving accounts of Chinese explorers and the later European navigators as well as the traces the fleet left behind - from sunken junks to the votive offerings left by the Chinese sailors wherever they landed, giving thanks to Shao Lin, goddess of the sea.

Already hailed as a classic, this is the story of an extraordinary journey of discovery that not only radically alters our understanding of world exploration but also rewrites history itself.


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1421 : The Year China Discovered the World + 1434: The Year a Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance + The Lost Empire of Atlantis: History's Greatest Mystery Revealed
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Product details

  • Paperback: 650 pages
  • Publisher: Bantam; Bantam New Edition edition (1 Mar 2003)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 0553815229
  • ISBN-13: 978-0553815221
  • Product Dimensions: 12.7 x 4.2 x 19.8 cm
  • Average Customer Review: 3.5 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (93 customer reviews)
  • Amazon Bestsellers Rank: 45,353 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

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Amazon Review

If you're going to make a stir, you might as well do it in style. And Gavin Menzies has caused one, big time. In 1421: The Year China Discovered the World, this retired Royal Navy submarine commander, who only visited China for the first time on his 25th wedding anniversary, claims that the Chinese navigator Zheng He discovered America some 71 years before Columbus. And not content with this, he goes on to suggest that Zheng He learnt how to calculate longitude several centuries before John Harrison supposedly nailed the problem. Unsurprisingly, this has not gone down too well in some areas and the book has been the target of some scepticism.

Although Menzies has unearthed a few unknown primary sources, the bulk of his thesis depends on amalgamating several disparate areas of research into a grand unified theory. So he combines what we do know--principally that the Chinese built huge sailing ships with nine masts and that Asiatic chickens were discovered in South America--into what he considers compelling evidence. Menzies has also turned up some maps from the pre-Columbus era that appear to show the Americas, along with a few shipwrecks and Ming artefacts from along his supposed route.

It all makes for a gripping read, even if the sum doesn't quite add up to the whole. For all the detail, Menzies is some way off providing proof. None of the supposed 28,000 colonists has left any documentary evidence because all records, boats and shipyards associated with his voyage were burnt by imperial order in 1433. This surely begs the question--if we know so much of Zheng He's voyages around the Indian Ocean, how come we know nothing of his trips further east? Nor, conveniently for Menzies, did any of the colonists return home in triumph. They either died en route or skulked home to obscurity after they were disowned by the emperor.

So you either accept Menzies as an act of faith or brush him aside with scepticism. Either way, you'll have a lot of fun in the process as the book is never less than provocative. And even the sceptics will find themselves hoping Menzies has got it right, because there's something intrinsically uplifting about the notion of an amateur historian getting one over the professionals. --John Crace --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.

Review

"Menzies has come up with something entirely new... it is a startling claim" (Guardian )

"Exhaustively researched... an intriguing and highly persuasive thesis, told with passion and energy" (Evening Standard )

"Popular history at its best" (The Times )

"A book as engrossing as any adventure story" (Daily Mail )

Inside This Book (Learn More)
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Front Cover | Copyright | Table of Contents | Excerpt | Index | Back Cover
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Customer Reviews

Most Helpful Customer Reviews
22 of 22 people found the following review helpful
2.0 out of 5 stars 119 11 Feb 2010
Format:Paperback
It's after page 119 that this books goes from a thoughtful and fairly rigorous theory about Chinese exploration and lurches further and further into fantasy.

I think Gavin Menzies has done a real service giving the world a pretty robust idea that Chinese fleets did a huge amount of exploration of the world in the early 15th century. Up until page 119 he even has some solid written evidence of these fleets.

However after 119 he uses his own knowledge of currents combined with a plethora of other sciences he has dipped into to find out what happened next and this is unfortunately where is starts to go wrong. The Piri Reis map is by his own admission an amalgam of many other maps, this makes it a secondary or even tertiary source and yet he pours over it as if Zheng He himself drew it. You cannot dismiss errors and point to the tiniest detail as truth in the same source it is either flawed and needs to be treated with care or solid evidence and can then be examined in forensic detail, never both and yet he breaks that rule.

Then he starts going into genetics, anthropology, farming, art and physics- areas where even the experts all argue about the basics and yet he sweeps it up together and then declares this proves pretty much whatever he wants. Fundamentally there is a difference between what could have happened and what did happen. Saddam COULD have had WMDs but he didn't, the French COULD have won at Waterloo but didn't. The Chinese fleets COULD have done everything Gavin Menzies states but that doesn't mean that they did.

The theory is helped in that the areas explored have little or no indigenous written history so there's no one to counter his theory explicitly.
... Read more ›
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38 of 40 people found the following review helpful
1.0 out of 5 stars Inconsistent and deeply flawed 10 Aug 2009
Format:Hardcover
The central argument in this book is that huge Chinese fleets charted pretty much the whole world in 1421-3, and their maps guided the European explorers, from Columbus to Cook.

The most interesting and credible material in this book (p. 382-7) is for the most part identical word for word to a 1977 article in the Geographical Journal, Vol 143, No 3, p 451-9. Menzies does not credit the source, mind you. Read the original rather than Menzies corrupted version. You can find it on the web too. Search for Martellus world maps by Arthur Davies. It presents a convincing argument that the Columbus brothers faked a map to dupe the King and Queen of Spain into funding their project to sail west to Asia.

The rest of the book is nonsense. Menzies is not even consistent. For instance, he claims that the 1513 Piri Reis map shows the coast of Patagonia "with great accuracy," providing evidence that the Chinese had charted it before Magellan got there (p. 116). But on p. 377 he says (rightly) that the latitudes of the Orinoco and Amazon deltas on the 1513 Piri Reis map "are precisely correct," which places the Amazon delta on the coast he had identified as Patagonia! The two regions are on opposite ends of South America! Too make his case appear plausible, Menzies only shows a bit of the Piri Reis map, but when you see the whole map it becomes obvious he is placing Patagonia in the tropics! The whole map is in the colour plates between pages 200 and 201, but he does not refer to it.

Menzies reasoning and standards of proof are amazing. For instance he identifies the Satanazes Island on the 1424 Pizzigano map as the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe (p. 246-9), meaning again that the Chinese had charted it. Now Satanazes is rectangular whereas Guadeloupe looks a bit like a butterfly!
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8 of 8 people found the following review helpful
1.0 out of 5 stars CHINESE JUNK 28 Aug 2011
Format:Hardcover
There has been a vogue in recent years for books devoted to the events of one year - for example, 1066 and 1415; and some of these are very good. This book is not one of those: it is not a detailed account of events, but an overly long exposition of the author's far-fetched pet theory that the Chinese circumnavigated the globe in 1421, a century before Magellan's well-attested voyage. By the way, they did it in outsize junks.

You might think that, if the Chinese had done this, we would have heard about it before now; but the lack of hard evidence does not appear to trouble Mr Menzies. He is content to rely on (1) A Chinese account that a fleet set off to circumnavigate; (2) dubious archaeological and anthropological evidence in several Continents, which appear to suggest that strangers turned up there around the years 1421-3, and some of them stayed on; and (3) his gut feeling, as an ex-submariner, that such a voyage would have been possible.

None of this evidence stands up to scrutiny for a moment; but it satisfies Menzies, who rather takes pride in the fact that he is not a historian, but a sailor, and can therefore see things that mere landlubbers cannot; but one has to ask how much experience as a submariner is worth when it comes to understanding a 500-foot fifteenth century Chinese junk, or for that matter the law of probability.

This book is not really history at all. It is travel-writing, disguised as history. It is also a demonstration of the fact that, in the modern world, it is not necessary for a book to have any merit, for it to become a bestseller.

Stephen Cooper
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Most Recent Customer Reviews
5.0 out of 5 stars Splendid Book
Really excellent book on a rarely touched on subject. The author has been criticised by academics but in my opinion his research and depth of practical knowledge are of the highest... Read more
Published 28 days ago by A. Pilling
5.0 out of 5 stars Unbelievably convincing!
Fascinating,inspiring,history-changing/rewriting! Just hope more convincing evidence will appear from somewhere/everywhere to perfect the theory. Read more
Published 1 month ago by Andrew Whincup
4.0 out of 5 stars Huge Amount of Information
This book has so much information that one has to tackle and digest it in spurts. Less might have been more. Read more
Published 2 months ago by Doris Finley
5.0 out of 5 stars Journey into the unknown
Amazing insight into a virtually unknown story of Chinese exploration long before the western world managed to cross the great oceans.
Published 2 months ago by MR D SALT
3.0 out of 5 stars Doesn't quite work
This book should have been right up my street. A retelling of the history of exploration with some startling discoveries to challenge the traditional stories. Read more
Published 2 months ago by Mr Gordon Davidson
4.0 out of 5 stars I had this book and lost it
I like reading this type of book. It was bought as a replacement.
I would recommend it to anyone who is interested in history.
Published 3 months ago by Moira Stewart
5.0 out of 5 stars Fascinating reading
I knew nothing about this period of history and was almost put off by the size of the book, but the author presents compelling evidence of the Chinese voyages in this period. Read more
Published 5 months ago by sharkey
5.0 out of 5 stars Fascinating account of the hidden history of China in the 15th century
Certainly brings home how far ahead the Chinese were in almost all facets of life and development.
The author has painstakingly researched a enthralling subject which is still... Read more
Published 6 months ago by Mr. PR WILKINSON
4.0 out of 5 stars 1421
This is a good read, which purports to be a scientifically researched report into the early voyages of the Chinese Navy. Read more
Published 6 months ago by misty meanor
5.0 out of 5 stars The book to pack.
Menzies has undertaken an enormous amount of research to make this book compulsive reading. For anyone who thought they might be interested in history,travel or sailing this book... Read more
Published 13 months ago by Oliver
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